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ii ABOUT COLLEGE BOARD College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association is made up of over 6,000 of the world’s leading educational institutions and is dedicated to promoting excellence and equity in education. Each year, College Board helps more than seven million students prepare for a successful transition to college through programs and services in college readiness and college success—including the S AT ® and the Advanced Placement Program ®. The organization also serves the education community through research and advocacy on behalf of students, educators, and schools. For further information, visit collegeboard.org . SAT CUSTOMER SERVICE You can reach us from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. ET (9 a.m. to 7 p.m. after the June test through August 19). Phone: 8 6 6 -7 5 6 -7 3 4 6 International: +1-212-713 -7 7 8 9 Email: sat@info.collegeboard.org Mail: College Board SAT Program, P.O. Box 025505, Miami, FL 33102 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 Reading Test 18 Writing and Language Test 34 Math Test – No Calculator 41 Math Test – Calculator 56 Essay © 2019 College Board. College Board, Advanced Placement Program, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of College Board. Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org . Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

1 Introduction Congratulations on taking the SAT ®! This booklet contains the SAT you took in April 2019, including (if you took the SAT Essay) an Essay prompt you responded to. This booklet contains every question and prompt that was scored. As part of the Question-and-Answer Service (Q AS) you also have received: 1. A customized report that lists the following details about each question: ▶answer you gave ▶best or correct answer ▶question type ▶difficulty level 2. A Q AS Student Guide that explains your scores and how to interpret them. The test begins on the next page. Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Reading Test 65 MINUTES, 52 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or graph). Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage. This passage is adapted from Cristina Henríquez, The Book of Unknown Americans. ©2014 by Cristina Henríquez. One afternoon I made chicharrones and carried them over to Celia’s apartment. She clapped her hands together in delight when she saw me and motioned for me to come inside. “These are for you,” I said, holding out a foil- covered plate. She lifted a corner of the foil and sniffed. “Sabroso,” she said. I loved how full her home felt, embroidered pillows on the couches, a curio stacked with milk glass bowls and recuerdos and folded tablecloths, red votives along the windowsills, spidery potted plants, woven rugs, unframed posters of Panamá beaches on the walls, a box of rinsed bottles on the floor, a small radio on top of the refrigerator, a plastic bag filled with garlic hanging from a doorknob, a collection of spices clustered on a platter on the counter. The great accumulation of things almost hid the cracks in the walls and the stains on the floor and the scratches that clouded the windows. “Mi casa es tu casa,” Celia joked as I looked around. “Isn’t that what the Americans say?” She poured cold, crackling Coca-Colas for both of us, and we sat on the couch, sipping them and taking small bites of the chicharrones. She looked just as she had the first time I met her: impeccably pulled together, with a face full of makeup, fuchsia lips, chestnut-brown chin-length hair curled at the ends and tucked neatly behind her ears, small gold earrings. So unlike most of my friends at home, who used nothing but soap on their faces and aloe on their hands and who kept their hair pulled into ponytails, like mine, or simply combed after it had been washed and left to air-dry. Celia told me about the provisions we would need for winter—heavy coats and a stack of comforters and something called long underwear that made me laugh when she tried to describe it—and about a place called the Community House where they offered immigrant services if we needed them. She gossiped about people in the building. She told me that Micho Alvarez, who she claimed always wore his camera around his neck, had a sensitive side, despite the fact that he might look big and burly, and that Benny Quinto, who was close friends with Micho, had studied to be a priest years ago. She said that Quisqueya dyed her hair, which was hardly news—I had assumed as much when I met her. “It’s the most unnatural shade of red,” Celia said. “Rafael says it looks like she dumped a pot of tomato sauce on her head.” She chortled. “Quisqueya is a busybody, but it’s only because she’s so insecure. She doesn’t know how to connect with people. Don’t let her put you off.” Celia began telling me about when she and Rafael and her boys had come here from Panamá, fifteen years ago, after the invasion. “So your son, he was born there?” I asked. 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 2 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

“I have two boys,” she said. “Both of them were born there. Enrique, my oldest, is away at college on a soccer scholarship. And there’s Mayor, who you met. He’s nothing at all like his brother. Rafa thinks we might have taken the wrong baby home from the hospital.” She forced a smile. “Just a joke, of course.” She stood and lifted a framed picture from the end table. “This is from last summer before Enrique went back to school,” she said, handing it to me. “Micho took it for us.” In the photo were two boys: Mayor, whom I recognized from the store, small for his age with dark, buzzed hair and sparkling eyes, and Enrique, who stood next to his brother with his arms crossed, the faint shadow of a mustache above his lip. “What about you?” Celia asked. “Do you have other children besides your daughter?” “Only her,” I said, glancing at my hands around the glass. The perspiration from the ice had left a ring of water on the thigh of my pants. “And she’s going...”Celia trailed off, as though she didn’t want to say it out loud. “To Evers.” Celia nodded. She looked like she didn’t know what to say next, and I felt a mixture of embarrassment and indignation. “It’s temporary,” I said. “She only has to go there for a year or two.” “You don’t have to explain it to me.” “She’s going to get better.” “I’ve heard it’s a good school.” “I hope so. It’s why we came.” Celia gazed at me for a long time before she said, “When we left Panamá, it was falling apart. Rafa and I thought it would be better for the boys to grow up here. Even though Panamá was where we had spent our whole lives. It’s amazing, isn’t it, what parents will do for their children?” She put her hand on mine. A benediction. From then, we were friends. 1 The description of Celia’s apartment in lines 9-20 is primarily intended to A) evoke a sense of coziness and comfort. B) reflect the hectic and unpredictable nature of life in Celia’s building. C) extol the ready availability of goods in the United States. D) establish that Celia is an avid collector. 2 According to the passage, which fact about Celia’s neighbors does the narrator know before she visits Celia’s apartment? A) Micho Alvarez and Benny Quinto are close friends. B) Benny Quinto once studied to be a priest. C) Micho Alvarez has a sensitive side. D) Quisqueya dyes her hair. 3 When Celia tells the narrator not to let Quisqueya “put you off” (line 54), she most nearly means that the narrator should not A) be offended by Quisqueya. B) be deceived by Quisqueya. C) let Quisqueya avoid her. D) let Quisqueya impose on her. 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 3 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

4Which choice best describes the narrator’s relationship with Celia’s sons? A) The narrator knows Celia’s sons because they are friends with the narrator’s daughter. B) The narrator’s daughter attends school with Mayor. C) The narrator has seen Mayor in person, but she has seen Enrique only in Celia’s photo. D) The narrator has seen Enrique play soccer, but she has never seen Mayor. 5 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Line 58 (“So...asked”) B) Lines 59-62 (“I have...brother”) C) Lines 65-68 (“She stood...us”) D) Lines 74-75 (“What...daughter”) 6 Celia recounts Rafa’s joke (lines 61-64) primarily in order to A) endear Rafa to the narrator. B) impress the narrator with her quick wit. C) stress how different her sons are. D) defuse a tense situation. 7 Based on the passage, it is most reasonable to infer that Celia knows the answer to which question about the narrator’s family before the narrator visits her apartment? A) How many children does the narrator have? B) Where does the narrator’s daughter go to school? C) What is the narrator’s profession? D) How long have the narrator and her family lived in the United States? 8 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 79-80 (“And...loud”) B) Lines 82-84 (“Celia...indignation”) C) Lines 92-94 (“When...here”) D) Lines 95-96 (“It’s amazing...children”) 9 Based on the passage, it can reasonably be inferred that Celia tells the narrator about leaving Panama (lines 91-96) primarily to A) encourage the narrator to share her story of immigration. B) remind the narrator of the reasons they both immigrated to the United States. C) console the narrator by describing how Celia’s family has prospered since they left. D) assure the narrator that she understands and empathizes with her. 10 In line 97, the word “benediction” primarily serves to A) stress the importance of religion to Celia and the narrator. B) imply that the narrator views Celia as an authority figure. C) emphasize how meaningful Celia’s gesture was for the narrator. D) demonstrate how eloquently Celia spoke during her conversation with the narrator. 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 4 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Questions 11-21 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. This passage is adapted from Wray Herbert, “Extremist Politics: Debating the Nuts and Bolts.” ©2012 by TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Voters need to understand the prosaic details of complex policies. Most have staked out positions on these issues, but they are not often reasoned positions, which take hard intellectual work. Most citizens opt instead for simplistic explanations, assuming wrongly that they comprehend the nuances of issues. Psychological scientists have a name for this easy, automatic, simplistic thinking: the illusion of explanatory depth. We strongly believe that we understand complex matters, when in fact we are clueless, and these false and extreme beliefs shape our preferences, judgments, and actions— including our votes. Is it possible to shake such deep-rooted convictions? That’s the question that Philip Fernbach, a psychological scientist at the University of Colorado’s Leeds School of Business, wanted to explore. Fernbach and his colleagues wondered if forcing people to explain complex policies in detail—not cheerleading for a position but really considering the mechanics of implementation— might force them to confront their ignorance and thus weaken their extremist stands on issues. They ran a series of lab experiments to test this idea. They started by recruiting a group of volunteers in their 30s—Democrats, Republicans, and Independents—and asking them to state their positions on a variety of issues, from a national flat tax to a cap-and-trade system for carbon emissions. The volunteers indicated how strongly they felt about each issue and also rated their own understanding of the issues. Then the volunteers were instructed to write elaborate explanations of two issues. If the issue was cap and trade, for example, they would first explain precisely what cap and trade means, how it is implemented, whom it benefits and whom it could hurt, the sources of carbon emissions, and so forth. They were not asked for value judgments about the policy or about the environment or business, but only for a highly detailed description of the mechanics of the policy in action. Let’s be honest: Most of us never do this. Fernbach’s idea was that such an exercise would force many to realize just how little they really know about cap and trade, and confronted with their own ignorance, they would dampen their own enthusiasm. They would be humbled and as a result take less extreme positions. And that’s just what happened. Trying—and failing—to explain complex policies undermined the extremists’ illusions about being well-informed. They became more moderate in their views as a result. Being forced to articulate the nuts and bolts of a policy is not the same as trying to sell that policy. In fact, talking about one’s views can often strengthen them. Fernbach believes it’s the slow, cognitive work—the deliberate analysis—that changes people’s judgments, but he wanted to check this in another experiment. This one was very similar to the first, but some volunteers, instead of explaining a policy, merely listed reasons for liking it. The results were clear. Those who simply listed reasons for their positions—articulating their values—were less shaken in their views. They continued to think they understood the policies in their complexity, and, notably, they remained extreme in their passion for their positions. Polarization tends to reinforce itself. People are unaware of their own ignorance, and they seek out information that bolsters their views, often without knowing it. They also process new information in biased ways, and they hang out with people like themselves. All of these psychological forces increase political extremism, and no simple measure will change that. But forcing the candidates to provide concrete and elaborate plans might be a start; it gives citizens a starting place. Figure 1 Volunteers’ Mean S\gelf-Ratings forUnderstanding a Poli\gc\b 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Mean self-rating (s\gcale of 1 to 7; 7 = greatest unders\gtanding) \b� ��� \b   � \b �  � �� �� 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 5 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Figure 2 Volunteers’ Mean S\gelf-Ratings forPosition on Policy 3\b0 2\b5 2\b0 1\b5 1\b0 0\b5 0 Mean self-rating (s\gcale of 0 to 3; 3 = strongest positi\gon)  �� �    �  � �� �� Figures adapted from Philip Fernbach et al., “Political Extremism Is Supported by an Illusion of Understanding.” ©2013 by Philip Fernbach et al. 11 A central idea discussed in the passage is that A) articulating the reasons for holding an opinion can cause people to decide that they are wrong. B) the process of describing an issue in detail can make people more moderate in their views about the issue. C) most people are not truly interested in understanding complex ideas. D) people are likely to understate their most passionately held positions to avoid offending others. 12 Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts from A) a discussion of a long-standing problem, to a report that discredits previous attempts to address that problem, and then to a proposal for future action. B) an introduction of a phenomenon, to a description of experiments concerning that phenomenon, and then to a recommendation based on the results of the experiments. C) an explanation of two competing theories for a certain behavior, to a recap of a study designed to determine which theory is correct, and then to a general account of a field’s future. D) an observation of a trend, to an analysis of its causes, and then to a proposal for a research study to validate the analysis. 13 As used in line 9, “illusion” most nearly means A) misconception. B) dream. C) charade. D) phantom. 14 As used in line 13, “shape” most nearly means A) plan. B) model. C) influence. D) modify. 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 6 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

15The main purpose of the fourth paragraph (lines 26-42) is to A) provide support for a theory. B) defend the need for a research study. C) outline the specifics of an experiment. D) discuss the complexity of a particular issue. 16 The passage implies that when conducting his laboratory work, Fernbach would have been most surprised by which finding? A) No link was found between the complexity of an issue and the strength of the volunteers’ positions. B) After volunteers were asked to analyze a complicated political issue, their understanding of it did not increase. C) When volunteers were asked to list their reasons for endorsing a particular policy, their views were generally unaffected by the exercise. D) When volunteers were asked questions about complex issues, those with the most extreme views were found to have the best overall understanding of them. 17 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 26-30 (“They started...emissions”) B) Lines 34-38 (“If the...forth”) C) Lines 39-42 (“They...action”) D) Lines 44-49 (“Fernbach’s...positions”) 18 Based on the passage, which action would most likely reduce political extremism among the citizenry? A) Forming organized groups of people who share their most deeply held convictions B) Requiring that politicians explain their proposed policies in detail before an election is held C) Promoting awareness of charities that provide opportunities to donate money to worthy but underfunded causes D) Hosting events that encourage people who hold opposing points of view to interact with one another 19 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 65-68 (“They continued...positions”) B) Lines 69-72 (“People...knowing it”) C) Lines 72-74 (“They...themselves”) D) Lines 76-78 (“But forcing...place”) 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 7 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

20According to figure 1, which statement best describes the change in the mean self-ratings of the volunteers after they were asked to analyze and explain a policy? A) They became more extreme in their position on the policy. B) They became more reluctant to justify a particular viewpoint. C) They became less confident in their understanding of the policy. D) They became less interested in the policy. 21 According to both the passage and figure 2, making a list of reasons for or against a policy has little impact on an individual’s A) position on an issue. B) interest in an issue. C) opinion about people holding differing views. D) likelihood to vote in an election. Questions 22-32 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. This passage is adapted from “Rare Woodland Plant Uses ‘Cryptic Coloration’ to Hide from Predators.” ©2009 by American Journal of Botany, Inc. It is well known that some animal species use camouflage to hide from predators. Individuals that are able to blend in to their surroundings and avoid being eaten are able to survive longer, reproduce, and thus increase their fitness (pass along their genes to the next generation) compared to those who stand out more. This may seem like a good strategy, and fairly common in the animal kingdom, but who ever heard of a plant doing the same thing? In plants, the use of coloration or pigmentation as a vital component of acquiring food (e.g., photosynthesis) or as a means of attracting pollinators (e.g., flowers) has been well studied. However, variation in pigmentation as a means of escaping predation has received little attention. Matthew Klooster from Harvard University and colleagues empirically investigated whether the dried bracts (specialized leaves) on a rare woodland plant, Monotropsis odorata, might serve a similar purpose as the stripes on a tiger or the grey coloration of the wings of the peppered moth: namely, to hide. “Monotropsis odorata is a fascinating plant species, as it relies exclusively upon mycorrhizal fungus, that associates with its roots, for all of the resources it needs to live,” notes Klooster. “Because this plant no longer requires photosynthetic pigmentation (i.e., green coloration) to produce its own energy, it is free to adopt a broader range of possibilities in coloration, much like fungi or animals.” Using a large population of Monotropsis odorata, Klooster and colleagues experimentally removed the dried bracts that cover the 3- to 5-cm tall stems and flower buds of these woodland plants. The bracts are a brown color that resembles the leaf litter from which the reproductive stems emerge and cover the pinkish-purple colored buds and deep purple stems. When Klooster and colleagues measured the reflectance pattern (the percentage of light reflected at various wavelengths) of the different plant parts, they indeed found that the bracts functioned as camouflage, making the plant blend in with its surroundings; the bract reflectance pattern closely resembled that of the leaf litter, and both differed from that of the reproductive stem and flowers 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 8 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

hidden underneath the bracts. Furthermore, they experimentally demonstrated that this camouflage actually worked to hide the plant from its predators and increased its fitness. Individuals with intact bracts suffered only a quarter of the herbivore damage and produced a higher percentage of mature fruits compared to those whose bracts were removed. “It has long been shown that animals use cryptic coloration (camouflage) as a defense mechanism to visually match a component of their natural environment, which facilitates predator avoidance,” Klooster said. “We have now experimentally demonstrated that plants have evolved a similar strategy to avoid their herbivores.” Drying its bracts early to hide its reproductive parts is a good strategy when the stems are exposed to predators for long periods of time: all the other species in the subfamily Monotropoideae have colorful fleshy bracts and are reproductively active for only a quarter of the length of time. Somewhat paradoxically, however, Monotropsis odorataactually relies on animals for pollination and seed dispersal. How does it accomplish this when it is disguised as dead leaf material and is able to hide so well? The authors hypothesize that the flowers emit highly fragrant odors that serve to attract pollinators and seed dispersal agents; indeed they observed bumble bees finding and pollinating many reproductive stems that were entirely hidden by the leaf litter itself. Figure 1 300 400 500 600 700 Reflectance Patterns of Leaf Litter and Monotropsis odorata Str\bct\bres Wavelength (nanometers) Percent reflectance 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45    � �� � \b  
Figure 2 Mean proportion of floral stems with herbivore damage per plant 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 2006 2007 plants with bracts intact plants with bracts removed Floral Herbivore Damage to Monotropsis odorata Plants, 2006 –2007 Figures adapted from Matthew R. Klooster et al., “Cryptic Bracts Facilitate Herbivore Avoidance in the Mycoheterotrophic Plant Monotropsis odorata.” ©2009 by American Journal of Botany, Inc. 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ 50 55 60 65 70 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 9 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

22The main purpose of the passage is to A) contrast the activities of plant species that rely on photosynthesis with the activities of those that do not. B) explore the attempts of scientists to understand the means by which plants attract pollinators. C) describe a study illuminating a defensive strategy of a particular species of plant. D) explain the results of experiments comparing the function of color in plants and in animals. 23 Which choice best supports the idea that the ability of a species to use camouflage effectively can provide an evolutionary advantage? A) Lines 1-2 (“It is...predators”) B) Lines 2-7 (“Individuals...more”) C) Lines 7-9 (“This...thing”) D) Lines 10-13 (“In plants...studied”) 24 The passage indicates that compared with other functions of coloration in plants, camouflage in plants has A) provided scientists with a deeper understanding of potential food sources. B) made use of a wider variety of distinctive shades of colors. C) proved to be a less effective defense against predators. D) been the subject of a smaller number of scientific investigations. 25 In lines 20-21, the references to the tiger and the moth serve mainly to A) provide examples of animal species with characteristics analogous to those of the plant investigated in the passage. B) offer a contrast between the defensive strategies of animals and the strategies of the plant examined in the passage. C) suggest a new possibility for applying the plant research discussed in the passage to the animal world. D) defend the work described in the passage against those who had criticized the inclusion of certain animals in the interpretation of the findings. 26 It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage that the nutrient requirements of many plants have the consequence of A) exaggerating the plants’ coloration patterns. B) limiting the plants’ defensive options. C) increasing the plants’ energy consumption. D) narrowing the plants’ potential habitats. 27 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 16-21 (“Matthew...hide”) B) Lines 22-25 (“Monotropsis . . . Klooster”) C) Lines 25-30 (“Because...animals”) D) Lines 31-34 (“Using...plants”) 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 10 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

28As used in line 28, “broader” most nearly means more A) extensive. B) obvious. C) tolerant. D) spacious. 29 As used in line 48, “worked” most nearly means A) changed. B) influenced. C) functioned. D) manipulated. 30 According to figure 1, the percent reflectance of the flower petal of the Monotropsis odorata plants for light at a wavelength of 600 nanometers was approximately A) 5 percent. B) 10 percent. C) 20 percent. D) 30 percent. 31 Which statement about reflectance patterns in M onotropsis odorata is best supported by the data presented in figure 1? A) The flower petal reflectance pattern tracks closely with the bract reflectance pattern. B) The leaf litter reflectance pattern shows decreases in relation to increases in the flower petal reflectance pattern. C) The reproductive stem reflectance pattern is most similar to the leaf litter reflectance pattern. D) The bract reflectance pattern differs substantially from the reproductive stem reflectance pattern. 32 According to figure 2, the mean proportion of floral stems with herbivore damage per plant for Monotropsis odorata plants with intact bracts in 2007 was about A) 0.09. B) 0.17. C) 0.36. D) 0.40. 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 11 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Questions 33-42 are based on the following passage. This passage is adapted from Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France. Originally published in 1790. Edmund Burke was a British politician and scholar. In 1789, the French formed a new governmental body known as the National Assembly, ushering in the tumultuous period of political and social change known as the French Revolution. To make a government requires no great prudence. Settle the seat of power, teach obedience, and the work is done. To give freedom is still more easy. It is not necessary to guide; it only requires to let go the rein. But to form a free government, that is, to temper together these opposite elements of liberty and restraint in one consistent work, requires much thought, deep reflection, a sagacious, powerful, and combining mind. This I do not find in those who take the lead in the National Assembly. Perhaps they are not so miserably deficient as they appear. I rather believe it. It would put them below the common level of human understanding. But when the leaders choose to make themselves bidders at an auction of popularity, their talents, in the construction of the state, will be of no service. They will become flatterers instead of legislators, the instruments, not the guides, of the people. If any of them should happen to propose a scheme of liberty, soberly limited and defined with proper qualifications, he will be immediately outbid by his competitors who will produce something more splendidly popular. Suspicions will be raised of his fidelity to his cause. Moderation will be stigmatized as the virtue of cowards, and compromise as the prudence of traitors, until, in hopes of preserving the credit which may enable him to temper and moderate, on some occasions, the popular leader is obliged to become active in propagating doctrines and establishing powers that will afterwards defeat any sober purpose at which he ultimately might have aimed. But am I so unreasonable as to see nothing at all that deserves commendation in the indefatigable labors of this Assembly? I do not deny that, among an infinite number of acts of violence and folly, some good may have been done. They who destroy everything certainly will remove some grievance. They who make everything new have a chance that they may establish something beneficial. To give them credit for what they have done in virtue of the authority they have usurped, or which can excuse them in the crimes by which that authority has been acquired, it must appear that the same things could not have been accomplished without producing such a revolution. Most assuredly they might....Some usages have been abolished on just grounds, but they were such that if they had stood as they were to all eternity, they would little detract from the happiness and prosperity of any state. The improvements of the National Assembly are superficial, their errors fundamental. Whatever they are, I wish my countrymen rather to recommend to our neighbors the example of the British constitution than to take models from them for the improvement of our own. In the former, they have got an invaluable treasure. They are not, I think, without some causes of apprehension and complaint, but these they do not owe to their constitution but to their own conduct. I think our happy situation owing to our constitution, but owing to the whole of it, and not to any part singly, owing in a great measure to what we have left standing in our several reviews and reformations as well as to what we have altered or superadded. Our people will find employment enough for a truly patriotic, free, and independent spirit in guarding what they possess from violation. I would not exclude alteration neither, but even when I changed, it should be to preserve. I should be led to my remedy by a great grievance. In what I did, I should follow the example of our ancestors. I would make the reparation as nearly as possible in the style of the building. A politic caution, a guarded circumspection, a moral rather than a complexional timidity were among the ruling principles of our forefathers in their most decided conduct. Not being illuminated with the light of which the gentlemen of France tell us they have got so abundant a share, they acted under a strong impression of the ignorance and fallibility of mankind. He that had made them thus fallible rewarded them for having in their conduct attended to their nature. Let us imitate their caution if we wish to deserve their fortune or to retain their bequests. Let us add, if we please, but let us preserve what they have left; and, standing on the firm ground of the British constitution, let us be satisfied to admire rather than attempt to follow in their desperate flights the aeronauts of France. 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 12 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

33It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that Burke is particularly upset with the National Assembly’s decision to A) limit the king’s power. B) expand the size of the government. C) seek the approval of the public. D) ignore the advice of former leaders. 34 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 5-10 (“But...Assembly”) B) Lines 10-13 (“Perhaps...understanding”) C) Lines 13-18 (“But...people”) D) Lines 49-51 (“The improvements... fundamental”) 35 As used in line 17, “instruments” most nearly means A) representatives. B) tools. C) counselors. D) navigators. 36 Based on the passage, Burke believes that French leaders who would advocate moderate positions are A) brave, but are likely to be distrusted. B) cowardly, but are likely to be praised. C) virtuous, but are likely to be ignored. D) sensible, but are likely to be undermined. 37 As used in line 30, “sober” most nearly means A) grave. B) rehabilitated. C) unpretentious. D) reasonable. 38 Burke’s central claim in the last paragraph is that the British have A) failed to take effective measures to safeguard their rights. B) acted wisely to revise rather than replace their political system. C) tried to export their form of government to their neighbors. D) left their government essentially unchanged for hundreds of years. 39 Burke refers to the repair of a building (lines 70-72) to make the point that A) governments need to be changed periodically to remain relevant. B) if a government has fundamental errors, it should be replaced. C) all governments have flaws that may be corrected with the proper intervention. D) changes to a government should maintain that government’s essential properties. 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 13 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

40In the passage, Burke displays the greatest respect for which of the following? A) The British voting public B) British leaders of past generations C) British citizens who are inspired by the French D) The leaders of France’s former government 41 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 52-56 (“Whatever...treasure”) B) Lines 56-59 (“They are not...conduct”) C) Lines 64-67 (“Our people...neither”) D) Lines 81-84 (“Let us imitate...have left”) 42 Burke’s attitude toward the “gentlemen of France” (lines 76-77) would best be described as A) scornful. B) sympathetic. C) envious. D) apprehensive. Questions 43-52 are based on the following passages. Passage 1 is adapted from Rex Dalton, “Blast in the Past?” ©2007 by Nature Publishing Group. Passage 2 is adapted from Michael Balter, “What Caused a 1300-Year Deep Freeze?” ©2014 by American Association for the Advancement of Science. Clovis hunters are widely regarded as among the first people to inhabit North America. Passage 1 At the 2007 American Geophysical Union’s meeting in Acapulco, Mexico, some two dozen scientists presented multiple studies arguing that a comet or asteroid exploded above or on the northern ice cap almost 13,000 years ago—showering debris across the North American continent and causing temperatures to plunge for the next millennium. The team argues that its idea explains multiple observations: not only the climate cooling and the disappearance of the Clovis hunters, but also the near-simultaneous extinction of the continent’s large mammals. Not all will be convinced. Several leading hypotheses already explain each of these three events. A change in ocean circulation is generally thought to have brought about the onset of the millennium-long cooling, which is known as the Younger Dryas. This cooling might, in turn, have caused the Clovis hunters to disappear. And, if they had not previously been killed by disease or hunted to extinction, the big prehistoric beasts may also have been doomed by this change in climate. The new evidence comes in the form of geochemical analysis of sedimentary layers at 25 archaeological sites across North America—9 of them Clovis. Certain features of the layers, say the team, suggest that they contain debris formed by an extraterrestrial impact. These include spherules of glass and carbon, and amounts of the element iridium said to be too high to have originated on Earth. In addition, the rocks contain black layers of carbonized material, which the team says are the remains of wildfires that swept across the continent after the impact. Passage 2 Proponents of the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis have claimed various kinds of evidence for the hypothesis, including deposits of the element iridium (rare on Earth but abundant in meteorites), microscopic diamonds (called nanodiamonds), and 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 14 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

magnetic particles in deposits at sites supposedly dated to about 12,800 years ago. These claims were sharply contested by some specialists in the relevant fields, however, who either did not detect such evidence or argued that the deposits had other causes than a cosmic impact. For example, some say that nanodiamonds are common in ordinary geological formations, and that magnetic particles could come from ordinary fires. Now comes what some researchers consider the strongest attack yet on the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis. In a paper published recently in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,a team led by David Meltzer, an archaeologist at Southern Methodist University, Dallas, in Texas, looks at the dating of 29 different sites in the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East in which impact advocates have reported evidence for a cosmic collision. They include sites in which sophisticated stone projectiles called Clovis points, used by some of the earliest Americans to hunt mammals beginning about 13,000 years ago, have been found. The team argues that when the quality and accuracy of the dating—which was based on radiocarbon and other techniques—is examined closely, only three of the 29 sites actually fall within the time frame of the Younger Dryas onset, about 12,800 years ago; the rest were probably either earlier or later by hundreds (and in one case, thousands) of years. “The supposed Younger Dryas impact fails on both theoretical and empirical grounds,” says Meltzer, who adds that the popular appeal of the hypothesis is probably due to the way that it provides “simple explanations for complex problems.” Thus, “giant chunks of space debris clobbering the planet and wiping out life on Earth has undeniably broad appeal,” Meltzer says, whereas “no one in Hollywood makes movies” about more nuanced explanations, such as Clovis points disappearing because early Americans turned to other forms of stone tool technology as the large mammals they were hunting went extinct as a result of the changing climate or hunting pressure. But impact proponents appear unmoved by the new study. “We still stand fully behind the [impact hypothesis], which is based on more than a confluence of dates,” says Richard Firestone, a nuclear chemist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. “Radiocarbon dating is a perilous process,” he contends, adding that the presence of Clovis artifacts and mammoth bones just under the claimed iridium, nanodiamond, and magnetic sphere deposits is a more reliable indicator that an extraterrestrial event was responsible for their disappearance. 43 Which choice provides the best support for the claim that the impact hypothesis is not the only possible explanation for the sudden change in Earth’s climate? A) Lines 8-12 (“The team...mammals”) B) Lines 15-17 (“A change...Dryas”) C) Lines 23-26 (“The new...Clovis”) D) Lines 26-28 (“Certain...impact”) 44 Based on Passage 1, which hypothetical discovery would provide the most support for the impact hypothesis? A) An asteroid impact crater beneath the northern ice cap contains high levels of iridium and has been dated to well after the start of the Younger Dryas. B) Glass and carbon spherules appear at multiple points in the geologic record but never in conjunction with iridium deposits. C) Analysis of ice cores suggests that global temperatures started declining approximately 13,000 years before the onset of the Younger Dryas. D) High levels of osmium, which is rare on Earth but relatively common in asteroids, are observed in the geologic record from approximately 13,000 years ago. 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 15 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

45According to Passage 1, the team of scientists believes that the black carbonized material found in certain sedimentary layers was caused by which phenomenon following a cosmic collision? A) Climate cooling B) Mass extinctions C) Rapidly spreading fires D) Iridium deposits 46 As used in line 42, “sharply” most nearly means A) suddenly. B) promptly. C) strongly. D) deliberately. 47 Based on Passage 2, Meltzer and his team relied on what evidence to challenge the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis? A) A reevaluation of the dates assigned to sites thought to display signs of the proposed impact B) The discovery of additional Clovis artifacts in a host of sites besides the 29 initially identified C) Analyses showing that nanodiamonds can occur in geologic formations lacking indications of extraterrestrial impacts D) High concentrations of iridium that have been found in sedimentary layers beneath the proposed impact layer 48 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 35-41 (“Proponents...ago”) B) Lines 41-45 (“These...impact”) C) Lines 45-48 (“For example...fires”) D) Lines 62-69 (“The team...years”) 49 The phrase “more nuanced” (line 78) contrasts most directly with which word in Meltzer’s quoted remarks in lines 70-77? A) “theoretical” B) “simple” C) “complex” D) “broad” 50 Which statement best describes the relationship between the two passages? A) Passage 2 presents a critique of the central hypothesis described in Passage 1. B) Passage 2 explains the scientific question addressed by the central hypothesis developed in Passage 1. C) Passage 2 discusses possible implications of the central hypothesis summarized in Passage 1. D) Passage 2 identifies evidence in favor of the central hypothesis advanced in Passage 1. 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 16 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

51The authors of both passages characterize the impact hypothesis as A) unsupported by reliable evidence. B) interesting but difficult to conclusively evaluate. C) more appealing to the public than to specialists. D) controversial in the scientific community. 52 If Meltzer’s findings (Passage 2) are accurate, what can most reasonably be inferred about the glass and carbon spherules mentioned in the last paragraph of Passage 1? A) They could have been formed at a time other than the beginning of the Younger Dryas. B) They are a product of the global cooling that occurred during the Younger Dryas period. C) They were found in highest concentrations at Clovis archaeological sites. D) They may have played some role in the tool technology of the Clovis people. STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section. 11 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ .............................................. Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 17 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Writing and Language Test 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising and editing decisions. Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole. After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is. Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. Out of Many, One Experience On June 20, 1965, murmurs of excitement filled a Kingston, Jamaica, auditorium, where 1way more people than were expected gathered for commencement 22 ........................................................................\ ........................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 1 Which choice helps establish the tone and style of the passage? A) NO CHANGE B) an unusually large crowd C) a whole bunch of unexpected people D) an enormous crowd of an unparalleled nature 18 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

services at the University of the West Indies.2Along with the 400 graduates, many people had come to hear the words of that year’s commencement speaker, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. 3Furthermore, the Jamaican audience was familiar with Dr. King’s ongoing campaign for civil rights in the United States through newspaper reports and television broadcasts, and the effect of seeing Dr. King ascend to the podium just feet away from where they stood was thrilling. The day’s 4 preceding not only inspired the audience but also furthered Dr. King’s aim of enhancing solidarity between the two countries. 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 2 At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. The university was established by royal charter in 1948. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it provides necessary historical context that sets up the passage’s narrative. B) Yes, because it clarifies that commencement ceremonies were relatively new at the University of the West Indies. C) No, because it needlessly interrupts the discussion of Dr. King’s visit with an irrelevant detail. D) No, because it merely repeats information about the University of the West Indies that is given elsewhere in the passage. 3 A) NO CHANGE B) As a result, C) By contrast, D) DELETE the underlined portion, adjusting the capitalization as needed. 4 A) NO CHANGE B) precedents C) proceedings D) procedures 19 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Without even consulting5notes, Dr. King began to speak passionately about challenges common to Jamaica and the United States. At the time, both countries were on the cusp of great change. Jamaica, 6 which would have achieved independence from Great Britain less than three years earlier, was in the process of forming a 7government. For both countries, the quest for political and social rights was laden with setbacks. Fixing his gaze on the graduating seniors, Dr. King declared that the present generation must recognize that “no nation can live alone: we are all interdependent.” He emphasized the need for a spirit of love and worldwide brotherhood 8from facing the challenges of the future. For Dr. King, Jamaica’s newly minted national motto—“Out of Many, One People”— perfectly encapsulated this precept of unity. 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 5 A) NO CHANGE B) notes; C) notes— D) notes. 6 A) NO CHANGE B) which achieves C) which will have achieved D) having achieved 7 The writer is considering revising the underlined portion to the following. government; the United States, meanwhile, was on the path to expanding civil rights for its citizens. Should the writer make this revision? A) Yes, because it explains why the audience felt a strong connection to Dr. King’s words. B) Yes, because it provides support for the claim made in the previous sentence. C) No, because it does not follow logically from the first part of the sentence. D) No, because it interrupts the paragraph’s focus on Jamaican independence. 8 A) NO CHANGE B) for the facing of C) in facing D) through facing 20 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

9Dr. King spoke about unity that day. He also inspired unity. Years later, when asked by reporters what they remembered most, many audience members cited the same moment in the speech. They all recalled that Dr. King had said, �If it falls to our luck to be street- sweepers, sweep the streets like Raphael painted pictures, well that all the hosts of heaven and earth would have to pause and say, �Here lived a great street sweeper.�� For 10 people, building a new nation, these words were particularly meaningful. Everyone�s efforts had great worth; everyone had an important role to play. The experience had a profound effect not only on 11 historians but also on Dr. King, who returned to Jamaica two years later when he needed a place to write his next book. In that work, Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?, Dr. King envisions a world in which all people are united, a world in which the communal spirit he found in Jamaica has been embraced by all nations. 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 9 Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) Dr. King spoke about unity by inspiring it that day. B) Though speaking about unity that day, Dr. King actually inspired it. C) Speaking about unity, however, Dr. King also inspired it. D) Dr. King did not just speak about unity that day: he inspired it. 10 A) NO CHANGE B) people building C) people building, D) people; building 11 Which choice provides the best transition from the discussion in the previous paragraph? A) NO CHANGE B) reporters C) the audience D) those who spoke with him like Michelangelo carved marble....Sweep the streets so 21 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage. The Theater DukeWhen Georg II—duke of a small German principality called 12Saxe-Meiningen established—a local theater in 1866, he oversaw every aspect of each production. 13This high degree of involvement was unusual: while many principalities had court theaters, a duke would usually appoint a director to oversee the plays. Georg not only supervised the plays but also exercised full artistic control over them. Directors at the time exerted little creative influence, giving actors free rein and reusing generic stage sets. In contrast, Georg advised actors, designed elaborate sets, and choreographed scenes, contributing to the development of greater stage realism and ultimately helping to establish the role of the modern director. 14Georg had recruited several little-known actors when the theater company visited Berlin to perform Shakespeare�s Julius Caesar, captivating the metropolitan audience. When the curtain rose at 7 p.m. on May 1, 1874, the audience was immediately amazed by the 15 productions’ elaborate sets and costumes, which Georg had modeled after Roman originals. Columns and 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 12 A) NO CHANGE B) Saxe-Meiningen—established C) Saxe-Meiningen, established D) Saxe-Meiningen established 13 Which choice most effectively sets up the information that follows in the sentence? A) NO CHANGE B) Georg had been interested in the arts from a young age: C) At the time, Saxe-Meiningen was not a major cultural center: D) The duke maintained one of the best orchestras in Europe as well as an opera company: 14 Which choice provides the best transition from the previous paragraph? A) NO CHANGE B) It was the beginning of May C) Georg had to implement many staging changes D) Georg’s work as a director was on full display 15 A) NO CHANGE B) productions elaborate sets C) production’s elaborate sets’ D) production’s elaborate sets 22 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

decorative sculptures occupied the foreground of the16 stage. As audience members marveled at the authentic-looking scenery, actors portraying Roman citizens streamed onto the stage, each bedecked in distinctive clothing, footwear, and 17with headdresses. A trumpet then signaled the entrance of 18Caesar. His glittering toga and armor made him instantly distinguishable. The audience members were so delighted that they broke into applause before a word was even uttered. “I could have believed myself back in ancient Rome,” one audience member said afterward. 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 16 The writer is considering revising the underlined portion to the following. stage, while a backdrop painted with images of columns and fig trees provided the optical illusion of depth. Should the writer make this revision? A) Yes, because it supports the claim in the previous sentence that the sets were modeled on Roman originals. B) Yes, because it further illustrates the spectacle that impressed audience members. C) No, because it unnecessarily repeats information about the columns already mentioned in the sentence. D) No, because it fails to provide a sufficient amount of detail about the backdrop. 17 A) NO CHANGE B) wearing headdresses. C) in headdresses. D) headdresses. 18 Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion? A) Caesar: it was his glittering toga and armor that made him instantly distinguishable. B) Caesar being instantly distinguishable because of his glittering toga and armor. C) Caesar, who was instantly distinguishable by his glittering toga and armor. D) Caesar; instantly, his glittering toga and armor became distinguishable. 23 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

19The venue Georg’s company used was quite different from those used in Shakespeare�s time. For example, he set the stage for the climactic murder of Caesar by arranging the crowd of conspiring Romans in a circle surrounding Caesar, thereby suggesting the inescapability of the ruler�s fate. He also carefully orchestrated the chaotic moments following the murder, when the crowd spins out of control. Georg split the crowd into smaller 20units, he assigned individual dialogue and stage positions, thereby making the scene more realistic. 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 19 Which choice provides the best introduction to the paragraph? A) NO CHANGE B) Some audience members were less enthusiastic about the new style. C) Georg choreographed the play’s action with equal intricacy. D) The play emphasizes Caesar’s influence over the Roman people. 20 A) NO CHANGE B) units, assigning C) units; assigning D) units, and assigning 24 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

“One feels oneself present at the beginnings of a revolution,” a theater critic 21wondered of this climactic scene; the same can perhaps be said of Georg’s achievement overall. The play was a hit, launching the duke’s group on a seventeen-year tour, during which it delivered over 2,000 performances in venues throughout Europe. Inspiring directors around the continent to design and execute more unified, detailed productions, 22 the title Georg was dubbed with was “The Theater Duke.” 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 21 A) NO CHANGE B) presumed C) sensed D) observed 22 A) NO CHANGE B) Georg’s posthumous title was “The Theater Duke.” C) “The Theater Duke” was a title posthumously given to Georg. D) Georg was posthumously dubbed “The Theater Duke.” 25 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. Free to Sing For centuries Japanese bird enthusiasts have bred white-rumped munias, brown finches with tufts of white feathers, for 23its plumage. Generations of this selective breeding have produced a new species: the Bengalese 24 finch; while existing only in captivity. Such breeding was intended to produce certain physical qualities in the domesticated finches, but it also had an unintended 25 consequence increased song complexity in the Bengalese finch 26relative to that of the white-rumped munia. 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 23 A) NO CHANGE B) one’s C) their D) his or her 24 A) NO CHANGE B) finch, which exists C) finch, it exists D) finch; existing 25 A) NO CHANGE B) consequence: increased C) consequence; increased D) consequence. Increased 26 A) NO CHANGE B) when compared with those of C) when compared with D) relative to 26 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

To explain this phenomenon, Tokyo ornithologist Kazuo Okanoya at first reasoned that finch song complexity was driven primarily by mate selection. He found that 27female finches tend to choose males with loud, high-pitched, improvisational songs. These males are chosen over those with soft, low-pitched, predictable songs, so breeders selecting reproductively successful birds must also have selected the most dynamic singers. However, Berkeley anthropologist Terrence Deacon saw a contradiction in this idea: song complexity should occur when there is pressure to identify a mate of the same species; 28after all, it should not occur among birds in captivity, where this pressure is lower. Deacon proposed instead that since white-rumped munias in more homogeneous groups lack pressure to find other white-rumped munias, random genetic mutations that result in song improvisation are allowed to propagate, leading to more complex songs. To test this hypothesis, Okanoya’s team tracked wild white-rumped munias in three areas in Taiwan. At each site, they 29diagnosed flock composition (the percentage of observed flocks that were “mixed,” containing white-rumped munias and another species, scaly-breasted munias) and measured the linearity of the munias’ songs (a calculation based on the number of elements in a song, where 1 is simple and 0 is complex). 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 27 Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion? A) female finches tend to choose males with loud, high-pitched, improvisational songs over those with soft, low-pitched, predictable songs, B) males with loud, high-pitched, improvisational songs tend to be ones chosen by female finches over those with soft, low-pitched, predictable songs, C) loud, high-pitched, improvisational songs are sung by males that female finches tend to choose over those with soft, low-pitched, predictable songs, D) choosing males with loud, high-pitched, improvisational songs over those with soft, low-pitched, predictable songs is what female finches tend to do, 28 A) NO CHANGE B) instead, C) therefore, D) similarly, 29 A) NO CHANGE B) dissected C) traced D) analyzed 27 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

The linearity at the mountainous site was30more than 0.1 point lower than that at the urban site or the agricultural site, indicating greater song complexity. At the same time, 31a lower percentage of flocks at the urban site were mixed than at the mountainous site. Together, these data suggest that higher song complexity is associated with greater flock uniformity. Figure 1 Munia Song Linearity in Three Areas in Taiwan Area mountainous urban agricultural Linearity in\bex    
 � Figure 2 Percentage of Observe\b Flocks that Were Mixe\b in Three Areas in Taiwan Area mountainous urban agricultural Percentage of observe\b flocks that were mixe\b  � � 
 � Figures adapted from Hiroko Kagawa et al., “Ecological Correlates of Song Complexity in White-Rumped Munias: The Implication of Relaxation of Selection as a Cause for Signal Variation in Birdsong.” ©2012 by John Benjamins Publishing Company. 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 30 Which choice best reflects the information presented in figure 1? A) NO CHANGE B) more than 0.2 point lower than that at the urban site or C) about the same as that at the urban site and D) exactly 0.7 point higher than that at the urban site and 31 Which choice best reflects the data presented in figure 2? A) NO CHANGE B) a greater percentage of flocks at the urban and agricultural sites were mixed than at C) over 40 percent of flocks were mixed at both the urban site and D) the percentage of flocks that were mixed grew slightly over time at 28 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Okanoya’s study32indicates that, song complexity is subject to the pressure of the birds’ need to identify a mate of the same species; when this pressure is relaxed, song complexity increases rather than decreases. Such relaxation explains song complexity in the white-rumped munia’s descendant, the domesticated Bengalese finch, and 33provides intriguing support for the idea that birdsong can evolve through a complex interaction of selective pressures. 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 32 A) NO CHANGE B) indicates that— C) indicates, that D) indicates that 33 The writer wants a conclusion that places the passage’s discussion within a larger scientific context. Which choice best accomplishes this goal? A) NO CHANGE B) suggests that white-rumped munias and other birds do not have to be domesticated to develop complex songs. C) proves that habitat has more to do with birdsong complexity than does any specific mating pressure. D) indicates that white-rumped munias have more complex songs than do other kinds of birds. 29 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage. Eyes in the Sky—1— Precision agriculture, the use of technology and data analysis in farming, has a new tool at its disposal: the type of remote-controlled aerial vehicle commonly known as a drone. Farmers looking to increase efficiency might decide that drones, 34which have already proven useful to the film industry, are just what they need. �2� Detailed data about crop health provided by drones can guide crucial decisions for farmers such as when 35 to irrigate and whether to use chemical treatments? Agricultural drones come equipped with a video or still- image camera that farmers can use to observe the condition of their crops. Some drone companies 36also offer analysis services: they can combine digital files from drones into color-coded maps that mark zones indicating differences in growth rates or the prevalence of weeds, pests, or weather damage. With these maps, a farmer can irrigate and apply herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers to each part of a field according to its specific needs. 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 34 Which choice provides supporting information about drones that is further developed in the passage? A) NO CHANGE B) along with training in how to operate them properly, C) with the critical information they provide about harvests, D) despite criticism about them from consumer advocates, 35 A) NO CHANGE B) to irrigate and whether to use chemical treatments. C) should they irrigate, and should they use chemical treatments? D) should they irrigate, and should they use chemical treatments. 36 Which choice most effectively sets up the information provided in the next part of the sentence? A) NO CHANGE B) stand to make a considerable profit: C) make drones that can be controlled by mobile apps: D) focus only on specialty crops: 30 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

—3— Drones compare favorably with image-capturing satellites and piloted aircraft, other technologies that are used to gain aerial views. Drones are less expensive, provide finer-grained images, 37and they fly low to the ground, can take pictures even on cloudy days. Jean Hediger, whose family operates a 3,400-acre organic grain farm in Colorado, can attest to the advantages of the technology. Hediger 38acquired a drone after losing half of her harvest in one year to weeds. She estimates that identifying problems faster with timely crop data and using less weed killer 39will save her tens of thousands of dollars in future 40years. Considerably more than the $7,000 she paid for the drone and any potential costs associated with reviewing images. 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 37 A) NO CHANGE B) and C) and therefore D) and, because they 38 Which information about Hediger provides the most effective transition between the previous sentence and the following sentence in the paragraph? A) NO CHANGE B) considered acquiring a drone from Corey Jacobs, who runs a farm in Indiana. C) has expressed frustration with federal regulations on drones. D) enjoys having an aerial view of her farm. 39 A) NO CHANGE B) had saved C) are saving D) have saved 40 A) NO CHANGE B) years—considerably C) years, this is considerably D) years; considerably 31 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

—4— Pilots who fly planes for crop dusting and other purposes 41experience disquiet regarding the presence of drones in the airspace above farms. Drones might be accidentally flown into nearby tall objects such as cell phone towers. Objections to drones may be 42engaged with regulations that require drone operators to keep drones within sight at all times and that require lights on drones to ensure they are visible. 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 41 A) NO CHANGE B) stew over C) get all worked up about D) worry about 42 A) NO CHANGE B) addressed C) encountered D) refuted 32 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

43A) NO CHANGE B) in being C) to be D) be Think about the previous passage as a whole as you answer question 44. 44 The writer wants to insert the following sentence. Any discussion of agricultural drones must acknowledge the potential safety concerns surrounding their use. To make the passage most logical, the sentence should be placed at the beginning of paragraph A) 2. B) 3. C) 4. D) 5. STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section. 22 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ .............................................. Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. —5— Despite these challenges, it is important for drones 43 being integrated into the agricultural system. If they are used effectively, drones hold the promise of making farms more productive and cost effective while minimizing waste in water and chemical treatments, which could benefit farmers, consumers, and the environment alike. Question 44asks about the previous passage as a whole. 33 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Math Test – No Calculator 25 MINUTES, 20 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 3 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. For questions 1-15, solve each problem, choose the best answer from the choices provided, and fill in the corresponding bubble on your answer sheet. For questions 16-20, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on the answer sheet. Please refer to the directions before question 16 on how to enter your answers in the grid. You may use any available space in your test booklet for scratch work. 1. The use of a calculator is not permitted. 2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated. 3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated. 4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. 5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f(x ) is a real number. r r r r w w w h h h h h b c a b A = w V = wh A = bh A = pr 2 V = pr 2h c 2 = a 2 + b 2 Special Right Triangles C = 2pr    1 2 V = pr 3 4 3 V = pr 2h 1 3 V = wh 1 3 30° \b0° 45° 45° 2x xs s x √3 s √2 The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2p. The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180. 33 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 34 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

1Juliet rented a car for one day from a company that charges $80 per day plus $0.15 per mile driven. If she was charged a total of $98 for the rental and mileage, for how many miles of driving was Juliet charged? (Assume there is no tax.) A) 15 B) 120 C) 533 D) 633 2 x xx 2 +6 + +2 +1 2 ( )( ) Which of the following polynomials is equivalent to the expression above? A) x +52 B) x+72 C) x 4 +72 D) xx +4 +72 3 fxx = 2 −1 +2 () ( ) For the function fdefined above, what is the value of f 1 () ? A) 3 B) 2 C) 0 D) −1 4 Which of the following is an equation of the line in the xy-plane that has slope 2 and passes through the point 0, 3 () ? A) y x = 2 +3 B) y x = 2 −3 C) y x = 2 +3 () D) y x = 2 −3 () 5 x+ 4 = 12 Which of the following is the solution to the equation above? A) 8 B) 16 C) 64 D) 140 33 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 35 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

6If x xx 7 2 −5 −2 2 −5 = 4 +5 ()()() , what is the value of x? A) 1 B) 15 2 C) 656 D) 65 7 xx −8 +1642 Which of the following is equivalent to the expression above? A) xx −2 +2 22 ()() B) x xx +4 +2 −22( )( )( ) C) x−2 4 () D) x−4 4 () 8 V M D = The formula above relates volume V, massM, and density D. What is density in terms of volume and mass? A) D MV = 1 B) D M V = C) D V M = D) DM V = 9 For a ride, a taxi driver charges an initial fare of $3.00 plus $0.40 for each 1 5of a mile driven. If the total charge for a ride is $27.00, what is the distance traveled, in miles? A) 3 B) 8 C) 12 D) 15 33 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 36 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

10 mν mgh 1 2 = 2 Torricelli’s law is given by the equation above, where m represents the mass, hrepresents the height, νrepresents the velocity, and gis a constant. According to the equation from Torricelli’s law, which of the following is equivalent to the velocity, ν? A) g h 2 B) g h m 1 2 2 C) g h 2 D) mg h 1 2 11 B 4 A ° C Note: Figure not drawn to scale. In the right triangle above, x = 60 . What is the length of side AB ? A) 7 B) 8 C) 9 D) It cannot be determined from the information given. 12 vv 4 +6 +1 = 02 Which of the following values is a solution to the equation above? A) −3 + 5 4 B) −3 + 13 4 C) 3+ 54 D) 3 + 13 4 13 Ctt= 50.25 + 228.75 () The average cost per square foot, in dollars, of a condominium in City X can be modeled by the function Cdefined above, where tis the number of years after 2001 and t 0≤ ≤8 . In the function, what does the number 50.25 represent? A) The average cost per square foot, in dollars, of a condominium in 2001 B) The average cost per square foot, in dollars, of a condominium in 2009 C) The approximate increase in years for each dollar increase in the average cost per square foot of a condominium D) The approximate increase in the average cost per square foot, in dollars, of a condominium for each additional year after 2001 33 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 37 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

14What is the sum of the complex numbers i 6+5and i 8+32? (Note: i = −1 ) A) i 11 + 5 B) i 14 − 2 C) i 14 + 83 D) i 17 + 5 15 Which of the following could be the graph of y xx = +2 +2 2 ? A) O y x 2 B) O y x 2 C) O y x 2 D) O y x 2 33 ............................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 38 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

2 /3 Acceptable ways to grid are:2 3 . 666 . 667 Answer: 7 12 31 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 Answer: 2.5 Fraction line 7/12 2 . 5 201 201 Answer: 201 – either position is correct NOTE: You may start your answers in any column, space permitting\b Columns you don’t need to use should be left blank\b For questions 16-20, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid, as described below, on the answer sheet\b 1\b Although not r\sequired, it is suggested that you write your answer in the boxes at the top of the columns to help you fill in the bubb\sles accurately\b You will receive credit only if the bubbles are filled in correctly\b 2\b Mark no more than one bubble in any column\b 3\b No question ha\ss a negative answer\b 4\b Some problems may have more than one correct answer\b In such cases, grid only one answer\b 5\b Mixed numbers such as m\sust be gridded as 3\b5 or 7/\s2\b (If \s is entered into the grid, it will be interpreted as , not \s \b) 6\b Decimal answers: If you obtain a decima\sl answer with more digits than the grid can accommodate, it may be either rounded or truncated, but it must fill t\she entire grid\b 31 /2 Grid in result\b Write answer in boxes\b Decimal point 33 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 39 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

16 x y O 6 45 32 17 89 5 –5 10 15 20 20 y = f (x) The graph of the cubic function fis shown in the xy-plane above. If fa =0 () , where ais a constant, what is one possible value of a? 17 xa x a x x 5 + +3 − = 3 +5 +4 22 ( )( ) In the equation above, ais a constant. If the equation is true for all values of x, what is the value ofa? 18 mp mp 3 + 2 = 24 + = 10 If mp,1 1 () is the solution to the system of equations above, what is the value of p1? 19 xy 4 −5 = 2 The graph of the equation above in the xy-plane is a line. What is the x-coordinate of the x-intercept of the line? 20 xy −6 + −3 = 25 22 ( )( ) The graph in the xy-plane of the equation above is a circle. If the circle is translated downward aunits such that the circle is tangent to the x-axis, the equation becomes x ya −6 + −3+ = 25 22 ( )( ) . What is the value of a? STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section. 33 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 40 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Math Test – Calculator 55 MINUTES, 38 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 4 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. For questions 1-30, solve each problem, choose the best answer from the choices provided, and fill in the corresponding bubble on your answer sheet. For questions 31-38, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on the answer sheet. Please refer to the directions before question 31 on how to enter your answers in the grid. You may use any available space in your test booklet for scratch work. 1. The use of a calculator is permitted. 2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated. 3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated. 4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. 5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f(x ) is a real number. r r r r w w w h h h h h b c a b A = w V = wh A = bh A = pr 2 V = pr 2h c 2 = a 2 + b 2 Special Right Triangles C = 2pr    1 2 V = pr 3 4 3 V = pr 2h 1 3 V = wh 1 3 30° \b0° 45° 45° 2x xs s x √3 s √2 The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2p. The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180. 44 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 41 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

1 xx 5 −3 = 10 +5 () What value of xsatisfies the equation above? A) −4 B) 1 C) 5 D) 15 2 1 km 1 km PQ R A student walks xkilometers (km) along a straight path from point Pto point Q. Then the student walks y km along a straight path from point Qto point R. What is the total distance, x y + , in km, that the student walks? A) 2.0 B) 3.5 C) 5.5 D) 8.0 3 If y x =+ 1 2 and z x = 2 −3 , which of the following is equivalent to y yz + ? A) xx 2 − −12 B) xx 2 − −22 C) xx 2 −− 1 22 D) xx 2 −2 − 3 22 4 An electric company charges Jerome $0.05 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of energy he uses in his house. If Jerome was charged $36 by the electric company, how many kilowatt-hours of energy did Jerome use? A) 0.0014 B) 1.8 C) 180 D) 720 44 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 42 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

5A scientist conducted an experiment and selected a random sample of runners from a list of all high school track participants from a certain city. The scientist randomly assigned each runner to one of two treatment groups, and the results of the experiment were found to be statistically significant. To which of the following populations can the results of the experiment be safely generalized? A) All high school athletes B) All high school track participants from the city C) All high school track participants from the country D) All runners 6 Which of the following equivalent forms of the function f x xx = 4 +4 −24 2 () is the most suitable to indicate the x-coordinates of the x‑intercepts of the graph of yf x = () in the xy‑plane? A) f x xx = 4 + −6 2 () ( ) B) fx xx = 4 −2 +3 ()()() C) f xx x = 2 −2 2 +6 ( ) ( )( ) D) f xx x = 2 −4 2 +6 ()()() 7 Raymond’s weekly income consists of a base salary for a 40-hour workweek plus overtime pay. The overtime pay is paid at an hourly rate for the time that Raymond works in addition to his 40-hour workweek. Raymond’s weekly income, in dollars, can be represented by the expression x 800 + 30, where x is the total number of hours Raymond works over 40 hours. Which of the following is the best interpretation of the number 800 in this context? A) Raymond�s base weekly salary, in dollars B) Raymond�s total overtime pay for the workweek, in dollars C) The total number of hours in a year that Raymond works in addition to his normal 40-hour workweeks D) Raymond�s hourly wage, in dollars per hour, for time worked in addition to his normal 40-hour workweek 8 A city with 120,000 residents is voting on a proposal that would eliminate overnight parking of vehicles on the city�s streets. An independent company randomly surveys 1,200 residents to see whether or not residents would support this proposal. The outcome of the survey shows that 60% of the residents surveyed approve of the proposal with a margin of error of 2%. Which of the following statements is a plausible conclusion from the outcome of the survey? A) Exactly 60% of city residents approve eliminating overnight parking. B) There are 72,000 city residents who approve eliminating overnight parking. C) About 2% of the city residents do not approve eliminating overnight parking. D) Between 58% and 62% of the city residents approve eliminating overnight parking. 44 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 43 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

9On November 1st, there were 2,500 boxes in a warehouse. On December 1st, there were 15% fewer boxes in the warehouse than there were on November 1st. On January 1st, there were 20% more boxes in the warehouse than there were on December 1st. How many boxes were in the warehouse on January 1st? A) 1,700 B) 2,125 C) 2,550 D) 2,625 10 Jonathan needs to earn at least $175 next week and can work at most 20 hours. He earns $10 per hour at his lawn service job and $8 per hour at his job at the gym. Which of the following systems of inequalities represents this situation in terms of the number of hours he will work at his lawn service job, A, and the number of hours he will work at his job at the gym, g, next week? A) A A g g 10 + 8 ≤ 175 + ≤ 20 B) AA g g 10 + 8 ≤ 175 + ≥ 20 C) AA g g 10 + 8 ≥ 175 + ≤ 20 D) AA g g 10 + 8 ≥ 20 + ≥ 175 11 Future value$20,000 $0 $40,000 $60,000 $10,000 $30,000 $50,000 15% 20% 0% 5% 10%Annual interest rate Future Value of an Investment after 20 Years for Different Interest Rates compounded daily compounded annually An initial investment of $1,000 is made at a constant annual interest rate. The graphs above show the corresponding future value v, in dollars, of the investment for different annual interest rates, r, after 20 years. One graph shows the value when the interest is compounded daily, and the other graph shows the value when the interest is compounded annually. Which of the following statements is true? A) As rincreases at a constant rate, vincreases more rapidly if interest is compounded annually rather than daily. B) As rincreases at a constant rate, vincreases more rapidly if interest is compounded daily rather than annually. C) As rincreases at a constant rate, the difference in interest compounded daily and interest compounded annually increases at a constant rate. D) If r = 15% and interest is compounded annually, a $1,000 investment will be worth $20,000 after 20 years. 44 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 44 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

Questions 12-14 refer to the following information. For gym class, Shayla completed a 4-mile walking and running exercise. She ran for t 7miles and she walked for ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ t 3 13 15 − miles, where tis the total amount of time, in hours, Shayla spent running. The equation ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ tt 7 +3 13 15 − =4 models this situation. 12 Which of the following is the best interpretation of the value 7 in the equation that models this situation? A) Shayla walked at a speed of 7 miles per hour. B) Shayla ran at a speed of 7 miles per hour. C) Shayla walked for 7 minutes. D) Shayla ran for 7 minutes. 13 What is the value of tin the equation that models this situation? A) 7 50 B) 7 20 C) 31 60 D) 13 15 14 What was the total distance that Shayla spent walking and running, in kilometers? (Use 1 mile = 1.61 kilometers) A) 0.40 B) 4.00 C) 6.44 D) 10.53 44 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 45 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

15Which of the following is a graph of a system of equations with no solution? A) x y B) y x C) y x D) y x 16 P P ρgh =+ 0 The equation above gives the total pressure, P, on an object submerged in a fluid, where P0is the pressure at the fluid’s surface, ρis the density of the fluid, gis the acceleration due to gravity, and his the depth to which the object is submerged. What is hin terms of P, P0,ρ, and g? A) ρg PP − 0 B) PP ρg − 0 C) PP ρg + 0 D) P P ρg ++ 0 17 If x bx 4 + +9 = 02 , where bis a constant, has exactly one solution, what is a possible value of b? A) 72 B) 36 C) 12 D) 6 44 ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 46 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

18 Female Male Total Blue eyes 2 4 6 Brown eyes 8 6 14 Green eyes 1 5 6 Total 11 15 26 Sierra recorded the gender and eye color of all the students in her biology class. The results are shown in the table above. If a male student is selected at random from Sierra’s biology class, what is the probability that he will have brown eyes? A) 2 3 B) 2 5 C) 3 7 D) 3 13 19 Kelly enlarged the area of a photograph to 250% of its original size. The original dimensions of the photograph were 5 inches by 7 inches. What is the area of the enlarged photograph, in square inches? A) 71.25 B) 87.5 C) 218.75 D) 3,000 20 xx −3 = 3− If xis the solution to the equation above, what is the value of x −3 ? A) 1 B) 3 2 C) 3 D) 3 44 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE ........................................................................\ ...............................................................................................................................\ ........................................................................................................ 47 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

21 x ground In the figure above, X is a mark on the side of a tire of a car at rest. The car, starting from rest, will experience an acceleration for some period of time. Which of the following graphs could represent the distance between the mark X and the ground after the car starts to accelerate and the tire makes its first few revolutions? A) Time Distance B) Time Distance C) Time Distance D) Time Distance 44 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 48 Question-and-Answer Service April QAS 4/9/19

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