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Reading Test 65 MINUTES, 52 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. DIRECTIONS Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or graph). Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage. This passage is adapted from MacDonald Harris, The Balloonist. ©2011 by The Estate of Donald Heiney. During the summer of 1897, the narrator of this story, a fictional Swedish scientist, has set out for the North Pole in a hydrogen-powered balloon. My emotions are complicated and not readily verifiable. I feel a vast yearning that is simultaneously a pleasure and a pain. I am certain of the consummation of this yearning, but I don’t know yet what form it will take, since I do not understand quite what it is that the yearning desires. For the first time there is borne in upon me the full truth of what I myself said to the doctor only an hour ago: that my motives in this undertaking are not entirely clear. For years, for a lifetime, the machinery of my destiny has worked in secret to prepare for this moment; its clockwork has moved exactly toward this time and place and no other. Rising slowly from the earth that bore me and gave me sustenance, I am carried helplessly toward an uninhabited and hostile, or at best indifferent, part of the earth, littered with the bones of explorers and the wrecks of ships, frozen supply caches, messages scrawled with chilled fingers and hidden in cairns that no eye will ever see. Nobody has succeeded in this thing, and many have died. Yet in freely willing this enterprise, in choosing this moment and no other when the south wind will carry me exactly northward at a velocity of eight knots, I have converted the machinery of my this is carried out. What I don’t understand is why I am so intent on going to this particular place. Who wants the North Pole! What good is it! Can you eat it? Will it carry you from Gothenburg to Malmö like a railway? The Danish ministers have declared from their pulpits that participation in polar expeditions is beneficial to the soul’s eternal well-being, or so I read in a newspaper. It isn’t clear how this doctrine is to be interpreted, except that the Pole is something difficult or impossible to attain which must nevertheless be sought for, because man is condemned to seek out and know everything whether or not the knowledge gives him pleasure. In short, it is the same unthinking lust for knowledge that drove our First Parents out of the garden. And suppose you were to find it in spite of all, this wonderful place that everybody is so anxious to stand on! What would you find? Exactly nothing. A point precisely identical to all the others in a completely featureless wasteland stretching around it for hundreds of miles. It is an abstraction, a mathematical fiction. No one but a Swedish madman could take the slightest interest in it. Here I am. The wind is still from the south, bearing us steadily northward at the speed of a trotting dog. Behind us, perhaps forever, lie the Cities of Men with their 11 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... Line 5 10 15 20 30 35 40 45 50 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE fate into the servant of my will. All this I understand, as I understand each detail of the technique by which 25 2

teacups and their brass bedsteads. I am going forth of my own volition to join the ghosts of Bering and poor Franklin, of frozen De Long and his men. What I am on the brink of knowing, I now see, is not an ephemeral mathematical spot but myself. The doctor was right, even though I dislike him. Fundamentally I am a dangerous madman, and what I do is both a challenge to my egotism and a surrender to it. 1 Over the course of the passage, the narrator’s attitude shifts from A) fear about the expedition to excitement about it. B) doubt about his abilities to confidence in them. C) uncertainty of his motives to recognition of them. D) disdain for the North Pole to appreciation of it. 2 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 10-12 (“Fo r... moment”) B) Lines 21-25 (“Ye t... will”) C) Lines 42-44 (“An d... stand on”) D) Lines 56-57 (“Wha t... myself”) 3 As used in lines 1-2, “not readily verifiable” most nearly means A) unable to be authenticated. B) likely to be contradicted. C) without empirical support. D) not completely understood. 4 The sentence in lines 10-13 (“For year s... other”) mainly serves to A) expose a side of the narrator that he prefers to keep hidden. B) demonstrate that the narrator thinks in a methodical and scientific manner. C) show that the narrator feels himself to be influenced by powerful and independent forces. D) emphasize the length of time during which the narrator has prepared for his expedition. 5 The narrator indicates that many previous explorers seeking the North Pole have A) perished in the attempt. B) made surprising discoveries. C) failed to determine its exact location. D) had different motivations than his own. 6 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 20-21 (“Nobod y... died”) B) Lines 25-27 (“Al l... out”) C) Lines 31-34 (“Th e... newspaper”) D) Lines 51-53 (“Behin d... bedsteads”) 7 Which choice best describes the narrator’s view of his expedition to the North Pole? A) Immoral but inevitable B) Absurd but necessary C) Socially beneficial but misunderstood D) Scientifically important but hazardous 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 60 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 3

8 The question the narrator asks in lines 30-31 (“Will i t... railway”) most nearly implies that A) balloons will never replace other modes of transportation. B) the North Pole is farther away than the cities usually reached by train. C) people often travel from one city to another without considering the implications. D) reaching the North Pole has no foreseeable benefit to humanity. 9 As used in line 49, “take the slightest interest in” most nearly means A) accept responsibility for. B) possess little regard for. C) pay no attention to. D) have curiosity about. 10 As used in line 50, “bearing” most nearly means A) carrying. B) affecting. C) yielding. D) enduring. Questions 11-21 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. This passage is adapted from Alan Ehrenhalt, The Great Inversion and the Future of the American City . ©2013 by Vintage. Ehrenhalt is an urbanologist—a scholar of cities and their development. Demographic inversion is a phenomenon that describes the rearrangement of living patterns throughout a metropolitan area. We are not witnessing the abandonment of the suburbs, or a movement of millions of people back to the city all at once. The 2010 census certainly did not turn up evidence of a middle-class stampede to the nation’s cities. The news was mixed: Some of the larger cities on the East Coast tended to gain population, albeit in small increments. Those in the Midwest, including Chicago, tended to lose substantial numbers. The cities that showed gains in overall population during the entire decade tended to be in the South and Southwest. But when it comes to measuring demographic inversion, raw census numbers are an ineffective blunt instrument. A closer look at the results shows that the most powerful demographic events of the past decade were the movement of African Americans out of central cities (180,000 of them in Chicago alone) and the settlement of immigrant groups in suburbs, often ones many miles distant from downtown. Central-city areas that gained affluent residents in the first part of the decade maintained that population in the recession years from 2007 to 2009. They also, according to a 2011 study by Brookings, suffered considerably less from increased unemployment than the suburbs did. Not many young professionals moved to new downtown condos in the recession years because few such residences were being built. But there is no reason to believe that the demographic trends prevailing prior to the construction bust will not resume once that bust is over. It is important to remember that demographic inversion is not a proxy for population growth; it can occur in cities that are growing, those whose numbers are flat, and even in those undergoing a modest decline in size. America’s major cities face enormous fiscal problems, many of them the result of public pension obligations they incurred in the more prosperous years of the past two decades. Some, Chicago 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 4

prominent among them, simply are not producing enough revenue to support the level of public services to which most of the citizens have grown to feel entitled. How the cities are going to solve this problem, I do not know. What I do know is that if fiscal crisis were going to drive affluent professionals out of central cities, it would have done so by now. There is no evidence that it has. The truth is that we are living at a moment in which the massive outward migration of the affluent that characterized the second half of the twentieth century is coming to an end. And we need to adjust our perceptions of cities, suburbs, and urban mobility as a result. Much of our perspective on the process of metropolitan settlement dates, whether we realize it or not, from a paper written in 1925 by the University of Chicago sociologist Ernest W. Burgess. It was Burgess who defined four urban/suburban zones of settlement: a central business district; an area of manufacturing just beyond it; then a residential area inhabited by the industrial and immigrant working class; and finally an outer enclave of single-family dwellings. Burgess was right about the urban America of 1925; he was right about the urban America of 1974. Virtually every city in the country had a downtown, where the commercial life of the metropolis was conducted; it had a factory district just beyond; it had districts of working-class residences just beyond that; and it had residential suburbs for the wealthy and the upper middle class at the far end of the continuum. As a family moved up the economic ladder, it also moved outward from crowded working-class districts to more spacious apartments and, eventually, to a suburban home. The suburbs of Burgess’s time bore little resemblance to those at the end of the twentieth century, but the theory still essentially worked. People moved ahead in life by moving farther out. But in the past decade, in quite a few places, this model has ceased to describe reality. There are still downtown commercial districts, but there are no factory districts lying next to them. There are scarcely any factories at all. These close-in parts of the city, whose few residents Burgess described as dwelling in “submerged regions of poverty, degradation and disease,” are increasingly the preserve of the affluent who work in the commercial core. And just as crucially newcomers to America are not settling on the inside and accumulating the resources to move out; they are living in the suburbs from day one. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................... 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE United States Population by Metropolitan Size/Status, 1980 – 2010 2010 Population Shares by Metro Size (%) Chart 1 Chart 2 large metro (>500k) small metro (

11 Which choice best summarizes the first paragraph of the passage (lines 1-35)? A) The 2010 census demonstrated a sizeable growth in the number of middle-class families moving into inner cities. B) The 2010 census is not a reliable instrument for measuring population trends in American cities. C) Population growth and demographic inversion are distinct phenomena, and demographic inversion is evident in many American cities. D) Population growth in American cities has been increasing since roughly 2000, while suburban populations have decreased. 12 According to the passage, members of which group moved away from central-city areas in large numbers in the early 2000s? A) The unemployed B) Immigrants C) Young professionals D) African Americans 13 In line 34, “flat” is closest in meaning to A) static. B) deflated. C) featureless. D) obscure. 14 According to the passage, which choice best describes the current financial situation in many major American cities? A) Expected tax increases due to demand for public works B) Economic hardship due to promises made in past years C) Greater overall prosperity due to an increased inner-city tax base D) Insufficient revenues due to a decrease in manufacturing 15 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 36-39 (“America’ s... decades”) B) Lines 43-44 (“Ho w...not know”) C) Lines 44-46 (“Wha t... now”) D) Lines 48-51 (“The trut h... end”) 16 The passage implies that American cities in 1974 A) were witnessing the flight of minority populations to the suburbs. B) had begun to lose their manufacturing sectors. C) had a traditional four-zone structure. D) were already experiencing demographic inversion. 17 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 54-57 (“Muc h... Ernest W. Burgess”) B) Lines 58-59 (“It wa s... settlement”) C) Lines 66-71 (“Virtuall y... continuum”) D) Lines 72-75 (“A s... home”) 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 6

18 As used in line 68, “conducted” is closest in meaning to A) carried out. B) supervised. C) regulated. D) inhibited. 19 The author of the passage would most likely consider the information in chart 1 to be A) excellent evidence for the arguments made in the passage. B) possibly accurate but too crude to be truly informative. C) compelling but lacking in historical information. D) representative of a perspective with which the author disagrees. 20 According to chart 2, the years 2000–2010 were characterized by A) less growth in metropolitan areas of all sizes than had taken place in the 1990s. B) more growth in small metropolitan areas than in large metropolitan areas. C) a significant decline in the population of small metropolitan areas compared to the 1980s. D) roughly equal growth in large metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan areas. 21 Chart 2 suggests which of the following about population change in the 1990s? A) Large numbers of people moved from suburban areas to urban areas in the 1990s. B) Growth rates fell in smaller metropolitan areas in the 1990s. C) Large numbers of people moved from metropolitan areas to nonmetropolitan areas in the 1990s. D) The US population as a whole grew more in the 1990s than in the 1980s. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 7

Questions 22-31 are based on the following passage. This passage is adapted from Emily Anthes, Frankenstein's Cat. ©2013 by Emily Anthes. When scientists first learned how to edit the genomes of animals, they began to imagine all the ways they could use this new power. Creating brightly colored novelty pets was not a high priority. Instead, most researchers envisioned far more consequential applications, hoping to create genetically engineered animals that saved human lives. One enterprise is now delivering on this dream. Welcome to the world of “pharming,” in which simple genetic tweaks turn animals into living pharmaceutical factories. Many of the proteins that our cells crank out naturally make for good medicine. Our bodies’ own enzymes, hormones, clotting factors, and antibodies are commonly used to treat cancer, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and more. The trouble is that it’s difficult and expensive to make these compounds on an industrial scale, and as a result, patients can face shortages of the medicines they need. Dairy animals, on the other hand, are expert protein producers, their udders swollen with milk. So the creation of the first transgenic animals—first mice, then other species—in the 1980s gave scientists an idea: What if they put the gene for a human antibody or enzyme into a cow, goat, or sheep? If they put the gene in just the right place, under the control of the right molecular switch, maybe they could engineer animals that produced healing human proteins in their milk. Then doctors could collect medicine by the bucketful. Throughout the 1980s and ’90s, studies provided proof of principle, as scientists created transgenic mice, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, and rabbits that did in fact make therapeutic compounds in their milk. At first, this work was merely gee-whiz, scientific geekery, lab-bound thought experiments come true. That all changed with ATryn, a drug produced by the Massachusetts firm GTC Biotherapeutics. ATryn is antithrombin, an anticoagulant that can be used to prevent life-threatening blood clots. The compound, made by our liver cells, plays a key role in keeping our bodies clot-free. It acts as a molecular bouncer, sidling up to clot-forming compounds and escorting them out of the bloodstream. But as many as 1 in 2,000 Americans are born with a genetic mutation that prevents them from making antithrombin. These patients are prone to clots, especially in their legs and lungs, and they are at elevated risk of suffering from fatal complications during surgery and childbirth. Supplemental antithrombin can reduce this risk, and GTC decided to try to manufacture the compound using genetically engineered goats. To create its special herd of goats, GTC used microinjection, the same technique that produced GloFish and AquAdvantage salmon. The company’s scientists took the gene for human antithrombin and injected it directly into fertilized goat eggs. Then they implanted the eggs in the wombs of female goats. When the kids were born, some of them proved to be transgenic, the human gene nestled safely in their cells. The researchers paired the antithrombin gene with a promoter (which is a sequence of DNA that controls gene activity) that is normally active in the goat’s mammary glands during milk production. When the transgenic females lactated, the promoter turned the transgene on and the goats’ udders filled with milk containing antithrombin. All that was left to do was to collect the milk, and extract and purify the protein. Et voilà —human medicine! And, for GTC, liquid gold. ATryn hit the market in 2006, becoming the world’s first transgenic animal drug. Over the course of a year, the “milking parlors” on GTC’s 300-acre farm in Massachusetts can collect more than a kilogram of medicine from a single animal. 22 The primary purpose of the passage is to A) present the background of a medical breakthrough. B) evaluate the research that led to a scientific discovery. C) summarize the findings of a long-term research project. D) explain the development of a branch of scientific study. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 8

23 The author’s attitude toward pharming is best described as one of A) apprehension. B) ambivalence. C) appreciation. D) astonishment. 24 As used in line 20, “expert” most nearly means A) knowledgeable. B) professional. C) capable. D) trained. 25 What does the author suggest about the transgenic studies done in the 1980s and 1990s? A) They were limited by the expensive nature of animal research. B) They were not expected to yield products ready for human use. C) They were completed when an anticoagulant compound was identified. D) They focused only on the molecular properties of cows, goats, and sheep. 26 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 16-19 (“The troubl e... need”) B) Lines 25-29 (“If the y... milk”) C) Lines 35-36 (“At firs t... true”) D) Lines 37-40 (“That al l... clots”) 27 According to the passage, which of the following is true of antithrombin? A) It reduces compounds that lead to blood clots. B) It stems from a genetic mutation that is rare in humans. C) It is a sequence of DNA known as a promoter. D) It occurs naturally in goats’ mammary glands. 28 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 12-16 (“Man y... more”) B) Lines 42-44 (“It act s... bloodstream”) C) Lines 44-46 (“But a s... antithrombin”) D) Lines 62-65 (“The researcher s... production”) 29 Which of the following does the author suggest about the “female goats” mentioned in line 59? A) They secreted antithrombin in their milk after giving birth. B) Some of their kids were not born with the antithrombin gene. C) They were the first animals to receive microinjections. D) Their cells already contained genes usually found in humans. 30 The most likely purpose of the parenthetical information in lines 63-64 is to A) illustrate an abstract concept. B) describe a new hypothesis. C) clarify a claim. D) define a term. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 9

31 The phrase “liquid gold” (line 71) most directly suggests that A) GTC has invested a great deal of money in the microinjection technique. B) GTC’s milking parlors have significantly increased milk production. C) transgenic goats will soon be a valuable asset for dairy farmers. D) ATryn has proved to be a financially beneficial product for GTC. Questions 32-41 are based on the following passages. Passage 1 is adapted from Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France . Originally published in 1790. Passage 2 is adapted from Thomas Paine, Rights of Man . Originally published in 1791. Passage 1 To avoi d...the evils of inconstancy and versatility, ten thousand times worse than those of obstinacy and the blindest prejudice, we have consecrated the state, that no man should approach to look into its defects or corruptions but with due caution; that he should never dream of beginning its reformation by its subversion; that he should approach to the faults of the state as to the wounds of a father, with pious awe and trembling solicitude. By this wise prejudice we are taught to look with horror on those children of their country who are prompt rashly to hack that aged parent in pieces, and put him into the kettle of magicians, in hopes that by their poisonous weeds, and wild incantations, they may regenerate the paternal constitution, and renovate their father’s life. Society is indeed a contract. Subordinate contracts for objects of mere occasional interest may be dissolved at pleasure—but the state ought not to be considered as nothing better than a partnership agreement in a trade of pepper and coffee, calico or tobacco, or some other such low concern, to be taken up for a little temporary interest, and to be dissolved by the fancy of the parties. It is to be looked on with other reverence; because it is not a partnership in things subservient only to the gross animal existence of a temporary and perishable nature. It is a partnership in all science; a partnership in all art; a partnership in every virtue, and in all perfection. As the ends of such a partnership cannot be obtained in many generations, it becomes a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born ....The municipal corporations of that universal kingdom are not morally at liberty at their pleasure, and on their speculations of a contingent improvement, wholly to separate and tear asunder the bands of their subordinate community, and to dissolve it into an unsocial, uncivil, unconnected chaos of elementary principles. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 10

Passage 2 Every age and generation must be as free to act for itself, in all cases , as the ages and generations which preceded it. The vanity and presumption of governing beyond the grave, is the most ridiculous and insolent of all tyrannies. Man has no property in man; neither has any generation a property in the generations which are to follow. The Parliament or the people of 1688, or of any other period, had no more right to dispose of the people of the present day, or to bind or to control them in any shape whatever, than the parliament or the people of the present day have to dispose of, bind, or control those who are to live a hundred or a thousand years hence. Every generation is, and must be, competent to all the purposes which its occasions require. It is the living, and not the dead, that are to be accommodated. When man ceases to be, his power and his wants cease with him; and having no longer any participation in the concerns of this world, he has no longer any authority in directing who shall be its governors, or how its government shall be organized, or how administered .... Those who have quitted the world, and those who are not yet arrived at it, are as remote from each other, as the utmost stretch of mortal imagination can conceive. What possible obligation, then, can exist between them; what rule or principle can be laid down, that two nonentities, the one out of existence, and the other not in, and who never can meet in this world, that the one should control the other to the end of time ?... The circumstances of the world are continually changing, and the opinions of men change also; and as government is for the living, and not for the dead, it is the living only that has any right in it. That which may be thought right and found convenient in one age, may be thought wrong and found inconvenient in another. In such cases, who is to decide, the living, or the dead? 32 In Passage 1, Burke indicates that a contract between aperson and society differs from other contracts mainly in its A) brevity and prominence. B) complexity and rigidity. C) precision and usefulness. D) seriousness and permanence. 33 As used in line 4, “state” most nearly refers to a A) style of living. B) position in life. C) temporary condition. D) political entity. 34 As used in line 22, “low” most nearly means A) petty. B) weak. C) inadequate. D) depleted. 35 It can most reasonably be inferred from Passage 2 that Paine views historical precedents as A) generally helpful to those who want to change society. B) surprisingly difficult for many people to comprehend. C) frequently responsible for human progress. D) largely irrelevant to current political decisions. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 11

36 How would Paine most likely respond to Burke’s statement in lines 30-34, Passage 1 (“As th e... born”)? A) He would assert that the notion of a partnership across generations is less plausible to people of his era than it was to people in the past. B) He would argue that there are no politically meaningful links between the dead, the living, and the unborn. C) He would question the possibility that significant changes to a political system could be accomplished within a single generation. D) He would point out that we cannot know what judgments the dead would make about contemporary issues. 37 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 41-43 (“Ever y... it”) B) Lines 43-45 (“The vanit y... tyrannies”) C) Lines 56-58 (“It i s... accommodated”) D) Lines 67-72 (“Wha t... time”) 38 Which choice best describes how Burke would most likely have reacted to Paine’s remarks in the final paragraph of Passage 2? A) With approval, because adapting to new events may enhance existing partnerships. B) With resignation, because changing circumstances are an inevitable aspect of life. C) With skepticism, because Paine does not substantiate his claim with examples of governments changed for the better. D) With disapproval, because changing conditions are insufficient justification for changing the form of government. 39 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 1-4 (“To avoi d... state”) B) Lines 7-9 (“he shoul d... solicitude”) C) Lines 27-29 (“It i s... perfection”) D) Lines 34-38 (“The municipa l... community”) 40 Which choice best states the relationship between the two passages? A) Passage 2 challenges the primary argument of Passage 1. B) Passage 2 advocates an alternative approach to a problem discussed in Passage 1. C) Passage 2 provides further evidence to support an idea introduced in Passage 1. D) Passage 2 exemplifies an attitude promoted in Passage 1. 41 The main purpose of both passages is to A) suggest a way to resolve a particular political struggle. B) discuss the relationship between people and their government. C) evaluate the consequences of rapid political change. D) describe the duties that governments have to their citizens. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 12

Questions 42-52 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. This passage is adapted from Carolyn Gramling, “Source of Mysterious Medieval Eruption Identified.” ©2013 by American Association for the Advancement of Science. About 750 years ago, a powerful volcano erupted somewhere on Earth, kicking off a centuries-long cold snap known as the Little Ice Age. Identifying the volcano responsible has been tricky. That a powerful volcano erupted somewhere in the world, sometime in the Middle Ages, is written in polar ice cores in the form of layers of sulfate deposits and tiny shards of volcanic glass. These cores suggest that the amount of sulfur the mystery volcano sent into the stratosphere put it firmly among the ranks of the strongest climate-perturbing eruptions of the current geological epoch, the Holocene, a period that stretches from 10,000 years ago to the present. A haze of stratospheric sulfur cools the climate by reflecting solar energy back into space. In 2012, a team of scientists led by geochemist Gifford Miller strengthened the link between the mystery eruption and the onset of the Little Ice Age by using radiocarbon dating of dead plant material from beneath the ice caps on Baffin Island and Iceland, as well as ice and sediment core data, to determine that the cold summers and ice growth began abruptly between 1275 and 1300 C.E. (and became intensified between 1430 and 1455 C.E.). Such a sudden onset pointed to a huge volcanic eruption injecting sulfur into the stratosphere and starting the cooling. Subsequent, unusually large and frequent eruptions of other volcanoes, as well as sea-ice/ocean feedbacks persisting long after the aerosols have been removed from the atmosphere, may have prolonged the cooling through the 1700s. Volcanologist Franck Lavigne and colleagues now think they’ve identified the volcano in question: Indonesia’s Samalas. One line of evidence, they note, is historical records. According to Babad Lombok, records of the island written on palm leaves in Old Javanese, Samalas erupted catastrophically before the end of the 13th century, devastating surrounding villages—including Lombok’s capital at the time, Pamatan—with ash and fast-moving sweeps of hot rock and gas called pyroclastic flows. The researchers then began to reconstruct the formation of the large, 800-meter-deep caldera [a basin-shaped volcanic crater] that now sits atop the volcano. They examined 130 outcrops on the flanks of the volcano, exposing sequences of pumice—ash hardened into rock—and other pyroclastic material. The volume of ash deposited, and the estimated height of the eruption plume (43 kilometers above sea level) put the eruption’s magnitude at a minimum of 7 on the volcanic explosivity index (which has a scale of 1 to 8)—making it one of the largest known in the Holocene. The team also performed radiocarbon analyses on carbonized tree trunks and branches buried within the pyroclastic deposits to confirm the date of the eruption; it could not, they concluded, have happened before 1257 C.E., and certainly happened in the 13th century. It’s not a total surprise that an Indonesian volcano might be the source of the eruption, Miller says. “An equatorial eruption is more consistent with the apparent climate impacts.” And, he adds, with sulfate appearing in both polar ice caps—Arctic and Antarctic—there is “a strong consensus” that this also supports an equatorial source. Another possible candidate—both in terms of timing and geographical location—is Ecuador’s Quilotoa, estimated to have last erupted between 1147 and 1320 C.E. But when Lavigne’s team examined shards of volcanic glass from this volcano, they found that they didn’t match the chemical composition of the glass found in polar ice cores, whereas the Samalas glass is a much closer match. That, they suggest, further strengthens the case that Samalas was responsible for the medieval “year without summer” in 1258 C.E. 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 13

Temperature variation* 1400 CE 1600 CE 1200 CE Ye a r Estimated Temperature in Central England 1000 CE to 2000 CE –1.0 0 +0.5 Medieval Warm Period Little Ice Age 1800 CE 2000 CE 1000 CE –0.5 *Variation from the 1961-1990 average temperature, in °C, represented at 0. Adapted from John P. Rafferty, “Little Ice Age.” Originally published in 2011. ©2014 by Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 42 The main purpose of the passage is to A) describe periods in Earth’s recent geologic history. B) explain the methods scientists use in radiocarbon analysis. C) describe evidence linking the volcano Samalas to the Little Ice Age. D) explain how volcanic glass forms during volcanic eruptions. 43 Over the course of the passage, the focus shifts from A) a criticism of a scientific model to a new theory. B) a description of a recorded event to its likely cause. C) the use of ice core samples to a new method of measuring sulfates. D) the use of radiocarbon dating to an examination of volcanic glass. 44 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 17-25 (“In 201 2... 1455 C.E.”) B) Lines 43-46 (“The researcher s... atop the volcano”) C) Lines 46-48 (“They examine d... material”) D) Lines 55-60 (“The tea m... 13th century”) 45 The author uses the phrase “is written in” (line 6) most likely to A) demonstrate the concept of the hands-on nature of the work done by scientists. B) highlight the fact that scientists often write about their discoveries. C) underscore the sense of importance that scientists have regarding their work. D) reinforce the idea that the evidence is there and can be interpreted by scientists. 46 Where does the author indicate the medieval volcanic eruption most probably was located? A) Near the equator, in Indonesia B) In the Arctic region C) In the Antarctic region D) Near the equator, in Ecuador 47 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 1-3 (“About 75 0...Ice Age”) B) Lines 26-28 (“Suc ha...the cooling”) C) Lines 49-54 (“The volum e...the Holocene”) D) Lines 61-64 (“It’s no t... climate impacts”) 11 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 14

48 As used in line 68, the phrase “Another possible candidate” implies that A) powerful volcanic eruptions occur frequently. B) the effects of volcanic eruptions can last for centuries. C) scientists know of other volcanoes that erupted during the Middle Ages. D) other volcanoes have calderas that are very large. 49 Which choice best supports the claim that Quilotoa was not responsible for the Little Ice Age? A) Lines 3-4 (“Identifyin g... tricky”) B) Lines 26-28 (“Suc ha... cooling”) C) Lines 43-46 (“The researcher s... atop the volcano”) D) Lines 71-75 (“Bu t... closer match”) 50 According to the data in the figure, the greatest below-average temperature variation occurred around what year? A) 1200 CE B) 1375 CE C) 1675 CE D) 1750 CE 51 The passage and the figure are in agreement that the onset of the Little Ice Age began A) around 1150 CE. B) just before 1300 CE. C) just before 1500 CE. D) around 1650 CE. 52 What statement is best supported by the data presented in the figure? A) The greatest cooling during the Little Ice Age occurred hundreds of years after the temperature peaks of the Medieval Warm Period. B) The sharp decline in temperature supports the hypothesis of an equatorial volcanic eruption in the Middle Ages. C) Pyroclastic flows from volcanic eruptions continued for hundreds of years after the eruptions had ended. D) Radiocarbon analysis is the best tool scientists have to determine the temperature variations after volcanic eruptions. 11 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section. 15

Writing and Language Test 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. DIRECTIONS Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising and editing decisions. Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole. After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is. Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. Ghost Mural In 1932 the well-known Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned to paint a mural on the second-story exterior wall of a historic building in downtown Los Angeles. Siqueiros was asked to celebrate tropical America in his work, 1 he accordingly titled it “América Tropical.” He painted the mural’s first two sections, featuring images of a tropical rainforest and a Maya pyramid, during the day. 2 Also, to avoid 22 ................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 1 A) NO CHANGE B) which he accordingly titled C) accordingly he titled it D) it was titled accordingly 2 A) NO CHANGE B) However, C) Although, D) Moreover, 16

the 3 centerpiece at night. 4 The reason for Siqueiros’s secrecy became clear when the mural was 5 confided. The centerpiece of the work was dominated by images of native people being oppressed and 6 including an eagle symbolizing the United States. Siqueiros’s political message did not please the wealthy citizens who had commissioned his work. They eventually ordered the mural to be literally whitewashed, or painted over with white paint. However, by the 1970s, the white paint had begun to fade, and the bright colors of the mural were beginning to show through. At the same time, a social and civil rights movement for Mexican Americans was working to raise awareness of Mexican American cultural identity. Artists associated with 7 this began to rediscover and promote the work of the Mexican muralists, particularly Siqueiros. To them, “América Tropical” was an example of how art in public spaces could be used to celebrate Mexican American heritage while at the same time making a political statement. Inspired by Siqueiros and the other muralists, this new generation of artists strove to emulate the old mural masters. 22 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 3 A) NO CHANGE B) centerpiece, C) centerpiece; D) centerpiece— 4 Which choice best connects the sentence with the previous paragraph? A) NO CHANGE B) All three sections of the mural were on display C) The community turned out in large numbers D) Siqueiros was informed of people’s reactions 5 A) NO CHANGE B) promulgated. C) imparted. D) unveiled. 6 A) NO CHANGE B) included C) includes D) had included 7 A) NO CHANGE B) it C) them D) this movement scrutiny, Siqueiros painted the final section of the mural, 17

8 The result was an explosion of mural painting that spread throughout California and the southwestern United States in the 1970s. It was the Chicano mural movement. Hundreds of large, colorful new murals depicting elements of Mexican American life and history appeared during this period, some in designated cultural locations but many more in abandoned lots, on unused buildings, or 9 painted on infrastructure such as highways and bridges. Many of these murals can still be seen today, although some have not been well maintained. 22 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 8 Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences? A) The result was an explosion, the Chicano mural movement, of mural painting that spread throughout California and the southwestern United States in the 1970s. B) The result was the Chicano mural movement, an explosion of mural painting that spread throughout California and the southwestern United States in the 1970s. C) The explosion of mural painting that spread throughout California and the southwestern United States in the 1970s was the resulting Chicano mural movement. D) An explosion of mural painting resulted and it spread throughout California and the southwestern United States in the 1970s; it was the Chicano mural movement. 9 A) NO CHANGE B) they were painted on C) on D) DELETE the underlined portion. 18

Fortunately, a new group of artists has discovered the murals, and efforts are underway to clean, restore, and repaint them. Once again, Siqueiros’s “América Tropical” is 10 leading the way. After a lengthy and complex restoration process, this powerful work is now a tourist attraction, complete with a visitor center and a rooftop viewing platform. 11 Advocates hope that Siqueiros’s mural will once more serve as an inspiration, this time inspiring viewers to save and restore an important cultural and artistic legacy. 22 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 10 Which choice most effectively sets up the information that follows? A) NO CHANGE B) being cleaned and restored. C) at risk of destruction. D) awaiting its moment of appreciation. 11 At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. When it was painted in 1932, Siqueiros’s mural was considered offensive, but now it is acclaimed. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it provides historical context for the changes discussed in the passage. B) Yes, because it provides a useful reminder of how people once viewed Siqueiros’s work. C) No, because it unnecessarily repeats information from earlier in the passage. D) No, because it makes a claim about Siqueiros’s work that is not supported by the passage. 19

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage. The Hype of Healthier Organic Food Some people buy organic food because they believe organically grown crops are more nutritious and safer for consumption than 12 the people who purchase their conventionally grown counterparts, which are usually produced with pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. In the name of health, 13 spending $1.60 for every dollar they would have spent on food that is 14 grown in a manner that is considered conventional. Scientific evidence, 15 therefore, suggests that consumers do not reap significant benefits, in terms of either nutritional value or safety, from organic food. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 A) NO CHANGE B) the purchase of C) purchasing D) DELETE the underlined portion. 13 A) NO CHANGE B) these consumers spend C) having spent D) to spend 14 A) NO CHANGE B) grown with conventional methods, using pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. C) conventionally and therefore not organically grown. D) conventionally grown. 15 A) NO CHANGE B) furthermore, C) however, D) subsequently, 20

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE Although advocates of organic food 16 preserve that organic produce is healthier than conventionally grown produce because it has more vitamins and minerals, this assertion is not supported by scientific research. 17 For instance, one review published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition provided analysis of the results of comparative studies conducted over a span of 50 years; researchers consistently found no evidence that organic crops are more nutritious than conventionally grown ones in terms of their vitamin and mineral content. 18 Similarly, Stanford University researchers who examined almost 250 studies comparing the nutritional content of different kinds of organic foods with that of their nonorganic counterparts found very little difference between the two. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 A) NO CHANGE B) carry on C) maintain D) sustain 17 A) NO CHANGE B) However, C) In addition, D) Likewise, 18 At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports that organic agricultural products are now available in approximately 20,000 markets specializing in natural foods. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it adds a relevant research finding from a government agency. B) Yes, because it supports the passage’s argument that organic food is less nutritious than conventionally grown food. C) No, because it is not relevant to the paragraph’s discussion of scientific evidence. D) No, because it introduces a term that has not been defined in the passage. 21

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE Evidence also undermines the claim that organic food is safer to eat. While researchers have found lower levels of pesticide residue in organic produce than in nonorganic produce, the pesticide residue detected in conventional produce falls within acceptable safety limits. According to such organizations as the US Environmental Protection Agency, the minute amounts of residue falling within such limits 19 have no negative impact on human health. 20 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 A) NO CHANGE B) is having C) has had D) has 20 At this point, the writer wants to further reinforce the paragraph’s claim about the safety of nonorganic food. Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal? A) To be labeled organic, a product must meet certain standards determined and monitored by the US Department of Agriculture. B) Organic food, however, is regulated to eliminate artificial ingredients that include certain types of preservatives, sweeteners, colorings, and flavors. C) Moreover, consumers who are concerned about ingesting pesticide residue can eliminate much of it by simply washing or peeling produce before eating it. D) In fact, the Environmental Protection Agency estimates that about one-fifth of the pesticides used worldwide are applied to crops in the United States. 22

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Based on scientific evidence, organic food offers neither significant nutritional nor safety benefits for consumers. Proponents of organic food, of course, are quick to add that 21 their are numerous other reasons to buy organic 22 food, such as, a desire to protect the environment from potentially damaging pesticides or a preference for the taste of organically grown foods. Research regarding these issues is less conclusive than the findings regarding nutritional content and pesticide residue safety limits. What is clear, though, is this: if a consumer s goal is to buy the healthiest and safest food to eat, the increased cost of organic food is a waste of money. ’ 21 A) NO CHANGE B) there are C) there is D) their is 22 A) NO CHANGE B) food such as: C) food such as, D) food, such as 23

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. You Are Where You Say Research on regional variations in English-language use has not only yielded answers to such 23 life-altering questions as how people in different parts of the United States refer to carbonated beverages (“soda”? “pop”? “coke”?) 24 it also illustrates how technology can change the very nature of research. While traditional, human-intensive data collection 25 has all but disappeared in language studies, the explosion of social media has opened new avenues for investigation. [1] Perhaps the epitome of traditional methodology is the Dictionary of American Regional English , colloquially known as DARE . [2] Its fifth and final alphabetical volume—ending with “zydeco”—released in 2012, the dictionary represents decades of arduous work. [3] Over a six-year period from 1965 to 1970, university graduate students conducted interviews in more than a thousand communities across the nation. [4] Their goal was to determine what names people used for such everyday objects and concepts as a submarine sandwich ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 The writer wants to convey an attitude of genuine interest and to avoid the appearance of mockery. Which choice best accomplishes this goal? A) NO CHANGE B) galvanizing C) intriguing D) weird 24 A) NO CHANGE B) and also illustrates C) but also illustrates D) illustrating 25 Which choice most effectively sets up the contrast in the sentence and is consistent with the information in the rest of the passage? A) NO CHANGE B) still has an important place C) remains the only option D) yields questionable results 24

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE (a “hero” in New York City but a “dagwood” in many parts of Minnesota, Iowa, and Colorado) and a heavy rainstorm (variously a “gully washer,” “pour-down,” or “stump mover”). [5] The work that dictionary founder Frederic G. Cassidy had expected to be finished by 1976 was not, in fact, completed in his lifetime. [6] The wait did not dampen enthusiasm among 26 scholars. Scholars consider the work a signal achievement in linguistics. 27 Not all research into regional English varieties 28 requires such time, effort, and resources, however. Today’s researchers have found that the veritable army of trained volunteers traveling the country conducting face-to-face interviews can sometimes be 29 replaced by another army the vast array of individuals volunteering details about their lives—and, inadvertently, their language—through social media. Brice Russ of Ohio State University, for example, has employed software to sort through postings on one social media 30 cite in search of particular words and phrases of interest as well as the location from which users are posting. From these data, ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 A) NO CHANGE B) scholars, and these scholars C) scholars, but scholars D) scholars, who 27 To improve the cohesion and flow of this paragraph, the writer wants to add the following sentence. Data gathering proved to be the quick part of the project. The sentence would most logically be placed after A) sentence 2. B) sentence 3. C) sentence 4. D) sentence 5. 28 A) NO CHANGE B) are requiring C) have required D) require 29 A) NO CHANGE B) replaced—by another army, C) replaced by another army; D) replaced by another army: 30 A) NO CHANGE B) site in search of C) sight in search for D) cite in search for 25

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE shows, “soda” is commonly heard in the middle and western portions of the United States; “pop” is frequently used in many southern states; and “coke” is predominant in the northeastern and southwest regions but used elsewhere as well. 31 As interesting as Russ’s findings are, though, 32 they’re true value lies in their reminder that the Internet is not merely a sophisticated tool for collecting data but is also 33 itself a rich source of data. N Soft Drink Descriptions by State Highest Percentage Reported pop coke soda Adapted from Jennifer M. Smith, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, with data from www.popvssoda.com ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 The writer wants the information in the passage to correspond as closely as possible with the information in the map. Given that goal and assuming that the rest of the previous sentence would remain unchanged, in which sequence should the three terms for soft drinks be discussed? A) NO CHANGE B) “pop,” “soda,” “coke” C) “pop,” “coke,” “soda” D) “soda,” “coke,” “pop” 32 A) NO CHANGE B) their true value lies in their C) there true value lies in they’re D) their true value lies in there 33 Which choice most effectively concludes the sentence and paragraph? A) NO CHANGE B) where we can learn what terms people use to refer to soft drinks. C) a useful way to stay connected to friends, family, and colleagues. D) helpful to researchers. he was able, among other things, to confirm regional variations in people’s terms for soft drinks. As the map 26

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage. Creating Worlds: A Career in Game Design If you love video games and have thought about how the games you play might be changed or improved, or if you’ve imagined creating a video game of your own, you might want to consider a career as a video game designer. There 34 were a number of steps you can take to determine whether game design is the right field for you and, if it is, to prepare yourself for such a career. Before making the choice, you should have some sense of what a video game designer does. Every video game, whether for a console, computer, or mobile device, starts with a concept that originates in the mind of a designer. The designer envisions the game’s fundamental 35 elements: the settings, characters, and plots that make each game unique, and is thus a primary creative force behind a video game. Conceptualizing a game is only the beginning of a video game designer’s 36 job, however, no matter how good a concept is, it will never be translated into a video game unless it is communicated effectively to all the other members of the video game development team. 37 A designer must generate extensive documentation and ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 A) NO CHANGE B) has been C) are D) was 35 A) NO CHANGE B) elements: the settings, characters, and plots that make each game unique— C) elements—the settings, characters, and plots that make each game unique— D) elements; the settings, characters, and plots that make each game unique; 36 A) NO CHANGE B) job, however. No C) job—however, no D) job however no 37 At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. Successful communication is essential if a designer’s idea is to become a reality. Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it supports the conclusion drawn in the following sentence. B) Yes, because it illustrates a general principle discussed in the paragraph. C) No, because it distracts from the focus of the paragraph by introducing irrelevant material. D) No, because it merely reformulates the thought expressed in the preceding sentence. 27

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 38 explain his or her ideas clearly in order to ensure that the programmers, artists, and others on the team all share the same vision. 39 Likewise, anyone considering a career as a video game designer must be 40 skilled writers and speakers. In addition, because video game development is a collaborative effort and because the development of any one game may take months or even years, a designer must be an effective team player as well as detail oriented. [1] A basic understanding of computer programming is essential. [2] In fact, many designers 41 initially begin their pursuits as programmers. [3] Consider taking some general computer science courses as well as courses in artificial intelligence and graphics in order to increase your understanding of the technical challenges involved in developing a video game. [4] Courses in psychology and human behavior may help you develop 42 emphatic collaboration skills, while courses in the humanities, such as in literature and film, should give you the background necessary to develop effective narrative structures. [5] A ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Which choice results in a sentence that best supports the point developed in this paragraph? A) NO CHANGE B) possess a vivid imagination C) assess his or her motivations carefully D) learn to accept constructive criticism 39 A) NO CHANGE B) Nevertheless, C) Consequently, D) However, 40 A) NO CHANGE B) a skilled writer and speaker. C) skilled both as writers and speakers. D) both skilled writers and speakers. 41 A) NO CHANGE B) start to begin their work C) initiate their progression D) begin their careers 42 A) NO CHANGE B) paramount C) eminent D) important 28

22 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE designer also needs careful educational preparation. [6] Finally, because a designer should understand the business aspects of the video game industry, such as budgeting and marketing, you may want to consider taking some business courses. [7] Although demanding and deadline driven, 43 video game design can be a lucrative and rewarding field for people who love gaming and have prepared themselves with the necessary skills and knowledge. 44 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 43 A) NO CHANGE B) the choice of video game design C) you should choose video game design because it D) choosing to design video games 44 To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5 should be A) placed where it is now. B) placed before sentence 1. C) placed after sentence 3. D) DELETED from the paragraph. STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section. 29

Math Test – No Calculator 25 MINUTES, 20 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 3 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. 33 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE For questions 1-15 , solve each problem, choose the best answer from the choices provided, and fill in the corresponding circle on your answer sheet. For questions 16-20 , solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on the answer sheet. Please refer to the directions before question 16 on how to enter your answers in the grid. You may use any available space in your test booklet for scratch work. 1. The use of a calculator is not permitted . 2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated. 3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated. 4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. 5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f(x) is a real number. r r r r w w w h h h h h b c a b A = w V = wh A = bh A = pr2 V = pr2h c2 = a 2 + b2 Special Right Triangles C = 2pr    1 2 V = pr3 4 3 V = pr2h 1 3 V = wh 1 3 30° 60° 45° 45° 2x x s s x√3 s√2 The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2 p. The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180. 30

1 Which of the following expressions is equal to 0 for some value of x ? A) x−1 −1 B) x+1 +1 C) x 1− +1 D) x−1 +1 2 fxxb()= 3 2 + In the function above, bis a constant. If f(6) = 7 , what is the value of f(− 2) ? A) −5 B) −2 C) 1 D) 7 3 x y y x =6 4( + 1) = If ( x,y) is the solution to the system of equations above, what is the value of y? A) 2 B) 4 C) 12 D) 24 4 If fxx()=−2 +5 , what is f x (− 3 ) equal to? A) x −6 − 5 B) x6+5 C) x6−5 D) xx6−15 2 33 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

5 xx 3(2 + 1)(4 + 1) Which of the following is equivalent to the expression above? A) x 45 B) x 24 + 3 2 C) xx 24 + 18 + 3 2 D) x 18 + 6 2 6 If ab b − = 3 7 , which of the following must also be true? A) a b=− 4 7 B) a b=10 7 C) ab b + =10 7 D) ab b −2 =− 11 7 7 While preparing to run a marathon, Amelia created a training schedule in which the distance of her longest run every week increased by a constant amount. If Amelia’s training schedule requires that her longest run in week 4 is a distance of 8 miles and her longest run in week 16 is a distance of 26 miles, which of the following best describes how the distance Amelia runs changes between week 4 and week 16 of her training schedule? A) Amelia increases the distance of her longest run by 0.5 miles each week. B) Amelia increases the distance of her longest run by 2 miles each week. C) Amelia increases the distance of her longest run by 2 miles every 3 weeks. D) Amelia increases the distance of her longest run by 1.5 miles each week. 33 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 32

8 Which of the following equations represents a line that is parallel to the line with equation y x =−3 +4 ? A) x y 6+2=15 B) x y 3− =7 C) x y 2−3=6 D) x y +3 = 1 9 xa x−=−4 If a=2 , what is the solution set of the equation above? A) {3, 6} B) {2} C) {3} D) {6} 10 If t t +5 −5 =10 , what is the value of t? A) 45 11 B) 5 C) 11 2 D) 55 9 11 x y y xx =2 +5 = (2 − 3)( + 9) How many ordered pairs xy (, ) satisfy the system of equations shown above? A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) Infinitely many 33 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 33

12 Ken and Paul each ordered a sandwich at a restaurant. The price of Ken’s sandwich was xdollars, and the price of Paul’s sandwich was $1 more than the price of Ken’s sandwich. If Ken and Paul split the cost of the sandwiches evenly and each paid a 20% tip, which of the following expressions represents the amount, in dollars, each of them paid? (Assume there is no sales tax.) A) x 0.2 + 0.2 B) x 0.5 + 0.1 C) x 1.2 + 0.6 D) x 2.4 + 1.2 14 i i 8− 3−2 If the expression above is rewritten in the form ab i + , where aand bare real numbers, what is the value of a? (Note: i=−1 ) 33 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 13 O x y y = f(x) (–k, 0) (k, 0) y = g(x) The functions fand g, defined by fxx()=8 −2 2 and gxx()=−8 +2 2 , are graphed in the xy-plane above. The graphs of fand gintersect at the points k(,0) and k (− , 0) . What is the value of k? A) 1 4 B) 1 2 C) 1 D) 2 A) 2 B) 8 3 C) 3 D) 11 3 15 x kx p −2 =2 2 In the quadratic equation above, kand pare constants. What are the solutions for x? A) x k k p = 4± +2 4 2 B) x k k p = 4± +32 4 2 C) x k k p = 2± +2 2 2 D) x k k p = 2± +32 4 2 15 x kx p −2 =2 2 In the quadratic equation above, kand pare constants. What are the solutions for x? A) x k k p = 4± +2 4 2 B) x k k p = 4± +32 4 2 C) x k k p = 2± +2 2 2 D) x k k p = 2± +32 4 2 15 x kx p −2 =2 2 In the quadratic equation above, kand pare constants. What are the solutions for x? A) x k k p = 4± +2 4 2 B) x k k p = 4± +32 4 2 C) x k k p = 2± +2 2 2 D) x k k p = 2± +32 4 2 34

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Grid in result. Fractionline Writeanswerin boxes. For questions 16 – 20, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid, as described below, on the answer sheet. 1. Although not required, it is suggested that you write your answer in the boxes at the top of the columns to help you fill in the circles accurately. You will receive credit only if the circles are filled in correctly. 2. Mark no more than one circle in any column. 3. No question has a negative answer. 4. Some problems may have more than one correct answer. In such cases, grid only one answer. 5. Mixed numbers such as must be gridded as 3.5 or 7/2. (If is entered into the grid, it will be interpreted as , not .) 6. Decimal answers: If you obtain a decimal answer with more digits than the grid can accommodate, it may be either rounded or truncated, but it must fill the entire grid. Answer: Acceptable ways to grid are: 712 312 1 23 123 2 3 Decimal point 1 0 .... 1 0 1 0 1 // 71 /2 Answer: 2.5 1 0 .... 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 // . 25 2 1 0 .... 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 // / 23 1 0 .... 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 // 66 .. 6 1 0 .... 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 // 6 67 Answer: 201 – either position is correct 1 0 .... 2 3 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 // 0 21 1 0 .... 2 3 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 // 102 DIRECTIONS 6 777777 8888888 6 777777 8888888 6 777777 8888888 6 777777 8888888 6 777777 8888888 777777 8888888 777777 8888888 777777 8888888 6 777777 8888888 777777 8888888 777777 8888888 6 8888888 2222 33333333 33333333 2222 33333333 2222 3333333 33333333 2222 33333333 2222 33333333 2222 3333333 // 3/12 / / NOTE: You may start your answers in any column, space permitting. Columns you don’t need to use should be left blank. 33 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 35

16 x 3x 2x 18 in shelf shelf shelf shampoo Jim has a triangular shelf system that attaches to his showerhead. The total height of the system is 18 inches, and there are three parallel shelves as shown above. What is the maximum height, in inches, of a shampoo bottle that can stand upright on the middle shelf? 17 x° y° In the triangle above, the sine of x°is 0.6. What is the cosine of y°? 18 xxx −5 +2 −10 = 032 For what real value of xis the equation above true? 33 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 36

19 x y x y −3 + 4 = 20 6+3=15 If ( x,y) is the solution to the system of equations above, what is the value of x? 20 The mesosphere is the layer of Earth’s atmosphere between 50 kilometers and 85 kilometers above Earth’s surface. At a distance of 50 kilometers from Earth’s surface, the temperature in the mesosphere is −5° Celsius, and at a distance of 80 kilometers from Earth’s surface, the temperature in the mesosphere is −80° Celsius. For every additional 10 kilometers from Earth’s surface, the temperature in the mesosphere decreases by k°Celsius, where kis a constant. What is the value of k? 33 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section. 37

Math Test – Calculator 55 MINUTES, 38 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 4 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. 44 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE For questions 1-30 , solve each problem, choose the best answer from the choices provided, and fill in the corresponding circle on your answer sheet. For questions 31-38 , solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on the answer sheet. Please refer to the directions before question 31 on how to enter your answers in the grid. You may use any available space in your test booklet for scratch work. 1. The use of a calculator is permitted . 2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated. 3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated. 4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. 5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f(x) is a real number. r r r r w w w h h h h h b c a b A = w V = wh A = bh A = pr2 V = pr2h c2 = a 2 + b2 Special Right Triangles C = 2pr    1 2 V = pr3 4 3 V = pr2h 1 3 V = wh 1 3 30° 60° 45° 45° 2x x s s x√3 s√2 The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2 p. The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180. 38

1 The monthly membership fee for an online television and movie service is $9.80. The cost of viewing television shows online is included in the membership fee, but there is an additional fee of $1.50 to rent each movie online. For one month, Jill’s membership and movie rental fees were $12.80. How many movies did Jill rent online that month? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 2 One of the requirements for becoming a court reporter is the ability to type 225 words per minute. Donald can currently type 180 words per minute, and believes that with practice he can increase his typing speed by 5 words per minute each month. Which of the following represents the number of words per minute that Donald believes he will be able to type m months from now? A) m 5 + 180 B) m 225 + 5 C) m 180 + 5 D) m 180 − 5 3 If a 3-pound pizza is sliced in half and each half is sliced into thirds, what is the weight, in ounces, of each of the slices? (1 pound = 16 ounces) A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 16 4 Nick surveyed a random sample of the freshman class of his high school to determine whether the Fall Festival should be held in October or November. Of the 90 students surveyed, 25.6% preferred October. Based on this information, about how many students in the entire 225-person class would be expected to prefer having the Fall Festival in October? A) 50 B) 60 C) 75 D) 80 44 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39

5 The density of an object is equal to the mass of the object divided by the volume of the object. What is the volume, in milliliters, of an object with a mass of 24 grams and a density of 3 grams per milliliter? A) 0.125 B) 8 C) 21 D) 72 6 Last week Raul worked 11 more hours than Angelica. If they worked a combined total of 59 hours, how many hours did Angelica work last week? A) 24 B) 35 C) 40 D) 48 7 Movies with Greatest Ticket Sales in 2012 MPAA rating Ty p e o f m o v i e Action Animated Comedy Drama Total 27 0 11 10 0 4 22 60 5 17 18 7 9 2 8 6 16 50 PG PG-13 R To t a l The table above represents the 50 movies that had the greatest ticket sales in 2012, categorized by movie type and Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) rating. What proportion of the movies are comedies with a PG-13 rating? A) 2 25 B) 9 50 C) 2 11 D) 11 25 8 Line A in the xy-plane contains points from each of Quadrants II, III, and IV, but no points from Quadrant I. Which of the following must be true? A) The slope of line A is undefined. B) The slope of line A is zero. C) The slope of line A is positive. D) The slope of line A is negative. 44 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 40

9 Age, in years Region 18 to 24 Northeast Midwest South We s t To t a l 2,713 3,453 5,210 3,390 14,766 25 to 44 8,159 11,237 18,072 10,428 47,896 45 to 64 10,986 13,865 21,346 11,598 57,795 65 to 74 3,342 4,221 7,272 3,785 18,620 75 and older 2,775 3,350 4,969 2,986 14,080 To t a l 27,975 36,126 56,869 32,187 153,157 Number of Registered Voters in the United States in 2012, in Thousands The table above shows the number of registered voters in 2012, in thousands, in four geographic regions and five age groups. Based on the table, if a registered voter who was 18 to 44 years old in 2012 is chosen at random, which of the following is closest to the probability that the registered voter was from the Midwest region? A) 0.10 B) 0.25 C) 0.40 D) 0.75 44 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 41

▼ Questions 10 and 11 refer to the following information. Gestation period (days) Life expectancy (years) Gestation Period versus Life Expectancy 2 4 6 8 10 12 010 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 A B D C A curator at a wildlife society created the scatterplot above to examine the relationship between the gestation period and life expectancy of 10 species of animals. 10 What is the life expectancy, in years, of the animal that has the longest gestation period? A) 3 B) 4 C) 8 D) 10 11 Of the labeled points, which represents the animal for which the ratio of life expectancy to gestation period is greatest? A) A B) B C) C D) D ▲ 12 In the xy-plane, the graph of function fhas x-intercepts at −3 ,−1 , and 1. Which of the following could define f? A) fxxxx( ) = ( −3)( −1)( +1) B) fx x x( ) = ( −3)( −1) 2 C) fxxxx( ) = ( −1)( +1)( +3) D) fx x x( ) = ( +1) ( +3) 2 44 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 42

13 The population of mosquitoes in a swamp is estimated over the course of twenty weeks, as shown in the table. 0 5 10 15 20 Time (weeks) 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Population Which of the following best describes the relationship between time and the estimated population of mosquitoes during the twenty weeks? A) Increasing linear B) Decreasing linear C) Exponential growth D) Exponential decay 14 r 1,000 1 + 1,200 12 ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟⎟ The expression above gives the amount of money, in dollars, generated in a year by a $1,000 deposit in a bank account that pays an annual interest rate of r%, compounded monthly. Which of the following expressions shows how much additional money is generated at an interest rate of 5% than at an interest rate of 3% ? A) ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟⎟ 1,000 1 + 5−3 1,200 12 B) 1,000 1 + 5 3 1,200 12 ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟ C) 1,000 1 + 5 1,200 1,000 1 + 3 1,200 12 12 ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟⎟ D) 1,000 1 + 5 1,200 − 1,000 1 + 3 1,200 12 12 ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟⎟ 44 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 43

15 Which of the following scatterplots shows a relationship that is appropriately modeled with the equation yax= b, where ais positive and bis negative? A) x y O 10 10 20 30 20 B) x y O 10 10 20 30 20 C) x y O 10 10 20 30 20 D) x y O 10 20 30 10 20 ▼ Questions 16 and 17 refer to the following information. Mr. Martinson is building a concrete patio in his backyard and deciding where to buy the materials and rent the tools needed for the project. The table below shows the materials’ cost and daily rental costs for three different stores. Store Materials’ Cost, M (dollars) Rental cost of wheelbarrow, W (dollars per day) Rental cost of concrete mixer, K (dollars per day) A 750 15 65 B 600 25 80 C 700 20 70 The total cost, y, for buying the materials and renting the tools in terms of the number of days, x, is given by yM WKx=+(+) . 16 For what number of days, x, will the total cost of buying the materials and renting the tools from Store B be less than or equal to the total cost of buying the materials and renting the tools from Store A ? A) x≤6 B) x≥6 C) x≤7.3 D) x≥7.3 44 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 44

17 If the relationship between the total cost, y, of buying the materials and renting the tools at Store C and the number of days, x, for which the tools are rented is graphed in the xy-plane, what does the slope of the line represent? A) The total cost of the project B) The total cost of the materials C) The total daily cost of the project D) The total daily rental costs of the tools ▲ 18 Jim has identical drinking glasses each in the shape of a right circular cylinder with internal diameter of 3 inches. He pours milk from a gallon jug into each glass until it is full. If the height of milk in each glass is about 6 inches, what is the largest number of full milk glasses that he can pour from one gallon of milk? (Note: There are 231 cubic inches in 1 gallon.) A) 2 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6 19 If p3−2≥1 , what is the least possible value of p3+2 ? A) 5 B) 3 C) 2 D) 1 44 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 45

20 The mass of living organisms in a lake is defined to be the biomass of the lake. If the biomass in a lake doubles each year, which of the following graphs could model the biomass in the lake as a function of time? (Note: In each graph below, Orepresents (0, 0) .) A) OBiomass (tons) Time (years) 12 1 2 B) OBiomass (tons) Time (years) 12 1 2 C) OBiomass (tons) Time (years) 12 1 2 D) OBiomass (tons) Time (years) 12 1 2 ▼ Questions 21 and 22 refer to the following information. Renewable Energy Consumption 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00Consumption (quadrillion Btu) biofuels geothermal hydroelectric wind wood Energy source 2000 2010 The bar graph above shows renewable energy consumption in quadrillions of British thermal units (Btu) in the United States, by energy source, for several energy sources in the years 2000 and 2010. 21 In a scatterplot of this data, where renewable energy consumption in the year 2000 is plotted along the x-axis and renewable energy consumption in the year 2010 is plotted along the y-axis for each of the given energy sources, how many data points would be above the line yx= ? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 44 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 46

22 Of the following, which best approximates the percent decrease in consumption of wood power in the United States from 2000 to 2010 ? A) 6% B) 11% C) 21% D) 26% ▲ 23 The tables below give the distribution of high temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) for City A and City B over the same 21 days in March. 80 79 78 77 76 Temperature (°F) 3 14 2 1 1 Frequency City A 80 79 78 77 76 Temperature (°F) 6 3 2 4 6 Frequency City B Which of the following is true about the data shown for these 21 days? A) The standard deviation of temperatures in City A is larger. B) The standard deviation of temperatures in City B is larger. C) The standard deviation of temperatures in City A is the same as that of City B. D) The standard deviation of temperatures in these cities cannot be calculated with the data provided. 44 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 47

24 A B D In the circle above, segment AB is a diameter. If the length of arc qADB is π8 , what is the length of the radius of the circle? A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 16 25 fx x x x gx x x ( ) = 2 +6 +4 ()= +3 +2 32 2 The polynomials fx() and gx() are defined above. Which of the following polynomials is divisible by x2+3 ? A) hx f x g x() = () +() B) px f x g x() = () +3 ( ) C) rx f x gx()=2()+3() D) sx f x g x() =3 () +2 ( ) 26 Let xand ybe numbers such that yxy−< < . Which of the following must be true? I. xy < II. x>0 III. y>0 A) I only B) I and II only C) I and III only D) I, II, and III 44 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. CONTINUE 48

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